Impact of Foreign Aid on Poverty and Economic Development in Nigeria

Part ONE INTRODUCTION This task centers around the destitution profile in Nigeria, the outside guides given to the country to help lighten neediness and how it influences the financial advancement of Nigeria. As per the World Bank site, â€Å"poverty is hunger. It is absence of asylum. Destitution is being wiped out and not having the option to see a specialist. It isn't having the option to go to class, not realizing how to peruse, and not having the option to talk appropriately. Neediness isn't having an occupation, and is dread for the future, and living each day in turn. It is losing a kid to disease realized by messy water. Also, in conclusion, it is feebleness, absence of portrayal and opportunity. † Poverty is the powerlessness to accomplish a specific least way of life. It is multidimensional, including an absence of pay, yet additionally sick wellbeing, ignorance, absence of access to essential social administrations, and little chance to take an interest in forms that impact people’s lives. Mollie Orshansky, who built up the destitution estimations utilized by U. S government expresses that neediness is â€Å"to be poor is to be denied of merchandise and ventures, and different delights that individuals around us take for granted† (Schwartz, 2005) Poverty is inescapable; as around 1. billion individuals on the planet despite everything live on not exactly a dollar daily and almost 850 million individuals go hungry consistently. (World Bank) According to Jhighan (2003), neediness is a hopelessness go-round tormenting the less evolved nations. 1. 1BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The desti tution level in Nigeria; as depicted by the World Bank (1996) is a Catch 22 that repudiates the massive riches it has. Nigeria is a nation invested with human, agrarian, oil, gas and enormous undiscovered mineral assets. It earned over US$300 billion from only oil during the most recent three many years of the twentieth century. As opposed to recoding striking advancement in national, financial turn of events, Nigeria has retrogressed to being one of the 25 most unfortunate nations of the 21st century while she was among the most extravagant 50 in the mid 70s. Nigeria delighted in consistent monetary development and relative security during the 1960s and 70s particularly with rise of the mining ventures. The per-capita pay developed consistently and hardly any individuals were between the destitution line as the farming open and modern segments retained a most elevated level of the work power. In the mid 1980s, extreme monetary emergency shook Nigeria carrying alongside them genuine and saw increments in the degree of neediness in the nation. This was because of components, for example, declining costs of oil, the country’s primary fare, increases in the genuine universal financing costs that exacerbated the outside obligation and ensuing easing back down of monetary exercises and development. The major fundamental reason for every one of these was household strategy botches. (Aigbokhan, 2000) In 1980, destitution was viewed as a country wonder yet by 1985, it had spread to urban territories. This was because of the high country urban relocation that went with the impulse to advancement produced by oil incomes. Likewise, the breakdown of oil trades salary and gigantic importation of food to meet the creation limit in the horticultural division seriously influenced urban inhabitants. Financial changes were presented by the administration in 1986; Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), which prompted the expulsion of decrease of sponsorships that were unexpectedly key to improving human government assistance. Government spending on social administrations got dreary while the quality and amount of open social administrations declined, particularly in poor networks. Its social expenses are reflected in expanding joblessness, cuts in social administrations, and general increments in the costs of essential items. The financial change program set untold difficulty on the helpless gatherings of the general public, for example, the ladies, youngsters and the matured, who make up a bigger portion of poor people. The way of life of the general masses fell and prompted poor access to food, cover, training, wellbeing and different fundamentals of life. In 1992, urban destitution continued as before at 37. 5% while rustic destitution diminished to 46%. By 1996, it was clear that urban neediness had become an expanding issue in Nigeria. For instance, the quantity of individuals in neediness expanded from 27% in 1980 to 46% in 1985. it declined somewhat to 42% in 1992, and expanded forcefully to 67% in 1996. In 1999, gauges demonstrated that over 70% of Nigerians lived in destitution. The administration at that point proclaimed in November 1999 that the 470 billion naira financial plan for the year 2000 was â€Å"to ease destitution. † By 1996, Nigeria had become the thirteenth most unfortunate nation on the planet and involved the 142nd position on the human advancement record (HDI) scale. World Bank, 1996) With the changes, the genuine development got positive yet there was as yet an inquiry whether the change lightened destitution; how far neediness was decreased. Outside guide is the monetary assistance given to networks of nations because of the event of a philanthropic emergency or for the accomplishment of a financial t arget. There are two kinds of helps: Humanitarian guide is the quick help given to people, associations or government for crisis alleviation brought about by war or cataclysmic events. Advancement help will be help given by created nations to help monetary or social improvement in creating nations to make long haul maintainable financial development. The wellsprings of outside guides incorporate reciprocal and multilateral guides. Reciprocal guide is given by the administration of one nation straightforwardly to another. Multilateral guide is help from a global budgetary establishment, for example, the World Bank; the International Monetary Fund; the African, Asian and Inter-American Development Banks; the European Development Fund; and different United Nations offices, for example, the United Nations Development Program. These associations are administered by individual contributing nations and capital markets. Non-legislative Organizations (NGOs) likewise assume a significant job in dispersing helps. Tied guide is the guide which the benefactor requires a beneficiary to go through a few or the entirety of its remote guide on merchandise and enterprises created in the donor’s nation. This procedure is called tying of helps. This should likewise be possible by offering help as financed credit for the acquisition of its fares. Dominant part of the NGOs in Nigeria get outside guides from USAID (The United States Agency for International Development) USAID is a free government organization that gets generally international strategy rules from the United States Secretary of State. It tries to stretch out some assistance to nations battling for a superior life, recouping from a calamity or endeavoring to live. It bolsters monetary development, horticulture, exchange, wellbeing, majority rule government, struggle avoidance and philanthropic help. Different associations in Nigeria likewise get assets from USAID to attempt ventures extending from HIV/AIDS counteraction to carrying sun powered vitality to a provincial town. Then again, Nigeria is at present not qualified to get allows during that Time Challenge Corporation (MCC), which was built up under President Bush as a feature of the â€Å"new understanding for worldwide turn of events. † Its strategic to lessen worldwide neediness through advancement of feasible monetary development. Before a nation is qualified to get help, MCC takes a gander at their presentation on 16 free and straightforward strategy pointers. Nigeria is a nation, deliberately imperative to the U. S. also, a nation whose residents are enormously out of luck. Simultaneously, it is a nation whose administration doesn't breeze through the assessment for accepting guide through the MCC. 1. 2STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Poverty is a constant issue which has existed for quite a while in Nigeria. A great deal of arrangements have been applied to reduce it however absent a lot of accomplishment. This explorat ion x-beams the commitment of remote guides as an answer for this issue. The particular issues we will take a gander at in this examination are the reasons for destitution and furthermore how remote guides can add to neediness decrease in the Nigerian economy. . 3OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The significant goal of this investigation is to analyze the impacts of neediness and outside guides given to us on the advancement of the economy. The examination will concentrate on other small scale targets, which include: I. To examine the neediness profile and talk about the national patterns of destitution in Nigeria. ii. To audit the causes, measures and effect of neediness on the GDP of Nigeria. iii. To recognize the structures and jobs of the outside guides given to Nigeria. iv. To distinguish the connection between outside guides and neediness in the Nigerian economy. 4. Hypothetical FRAMEWORK This investigation utilizes the hypothetical structure utilized by Ogbuaku, Adebisi and Feridun (2006) in view of the neoclassical development model by Barro (1991). It depends on a little open economy form of the Solow (1956)- Swan (1956) development model. The choice to examine remote guide in an open economy, rather than a shut, is three crease. In the first place, a large portion of the economies that get outside guide should sensibly be viewed as little and open. Second, to the degree that worldwide credit markets are defective, a few types of remote guide can positively affect poor people. Third, in our experimental work we give factual proof to propose that more noteworthy global receptiveness and access to credit invigorates monetary development. 5. Strategy The information for this examination will be for the most part from auxiliary sources, for example, World Bank reports, Central Bank of Nigeria distributions, for example, the CBN Economic and Financial Review Bullions, periodic papers, CBN yearly reports and proclamation of records, Federal Office of Statistics (Statistical release) and other significant diaries. This examination utilizes econometrics in assessing the connection between destitution, remote guides and its commitment to the improvement of the Nigerian economy. The various relapse method is utilized in acquire

Profile of Child Killer Susan Smith

Profile of Child Killer Susan Smith Susan Vaughan Smith of Union, S.C. was indicted on July 22, 1995, and condemned to life in jail for killing her two children, Michael Daniel Smith, 3, and 14-month-old Alexander Tyler Smith. Susan Smith - Her Childhood Years Susan Smith was conceived on September 26, 1971, in Union, South Carolina, to guardians Linda and Harry Vaughan. She was the most youthful of three youngsters and the couples just little girl. Her folks separated from when Susan was seven and after five weeks Harry, age 37, ended it all. Her folks turbulent marriage and the passing of her dad left Susan a dismal, vacant and strangely far off youngster. Inside long stretches of the Vaughans separate, Linda wedded Beverly (Bev) Russell, a fruitful neighborhood businessperson. Linda and the youngsters moved from their little unobtrusive home into Bevs house situated in a selective development of Union. Most amicable Female As a youngster, Susan was a decent understudy, popular and active. In her lesser year, she was casted a ballot leader of the Junior Civitan Club, a club which concentrated on chipping in the network. In her last year of secondary school, she got the Friendliest Female honor and was known for her chipper and fun demeanor. Special kinds of mystery Exposed Be that as it may, during those long stretches of making the most of her fame and places of initiative, Susan was harboring a privileged bit of information. At 16 years old. her stepfather abandoned overseer to molester. Susan detailed the improper conduct to her mom and to the Department of Social Services and Bev moved out from the home briefly. Nothing of any outcome came about because of Susans report and after a couple of family guiding meetings, Bev got back. Susan was chastised by her family for making the sexual maltreatment an open undertaking and Linda showed up progressively worried that the family would be exposed to open shame than ensuring her little girl. Lamentably for Susan, with Bev back in the house, the sexual attack proceeded. In her senior year of secondary school, Susan went to a school instructor for help. The Department of Social Service was reached once more, however Susan wouldn't squeeze charges and the issue was quickly cleared under the notorious floor covering of legal advisors understandings and fixed records which shielded Bev and the family from the dreaded open embarrassment. Dismissal and an Attempted Suicide Throughout the late spring of 1988, Susan found a new line of work at the nearby Winn-Dixie supermarket and moved rapidly up the positions from clerk to accountant. In her senior year at secondary school, she was explicitly dynamic with three men - a wedded more established man who worked at the store, a more youthful colleague and with Bev. Susan got pregnant and had a fetus removal. The wedded man cut off their association and her response to the separation was to endeavor self destruction by taking anti-inflamatory medicine and Tylenol. While being treated in the clinic she confessed to having attempted a comparable self destruction endeavor when she was 13-years of age. David Smith At work, another relationship was starting to frame with the associate and secondary school companion David Smith. David finished his commitment with another lady and began dating Susan. The two chose to wed when Susan found she was pregnant. Susan and David Smith wedded on March 15, 1991, and moved into Davids extraordinary grandmas house. Davids guardians were enduring the ongoing loss of another child who passed on from Crohns ailment only 11 days before Susan and David wedded. By May 1991, the strain of the departure of a child end up being a lot for Davids guardians. His dad endeavored self destruction and his mom left and moved to another city. This sort of family dramatization fit directly into what Susan was utilized to and the youthful couple, both extremely destitute, spent the early months of their marriage encouraging each other. Michael Daniel Smith On October 10, 1991, the Smiths first child, Michael, was conceived. David and Susan gave the kid love and consideration. In any case, having a youngster couldn't help the distinctions in the love birds foundations which started to put a strain on their relationship. Susan was more materialistic than David and regularly went to her mom for budgetary assistance. David saw Linda as nosy and controlling and disliked Susan continually doing what Linda needed her to do, particularly when it came to raising Michael. First Separation By March 1992, the Smiths were isolated and throughout the following seven months, they took a stab at and off to patch the marriage. During the separations, Susan dated a previous sweetheart from work which didn't improve the situation. In November 1992, Susan reported she was pregnant again which appeared to bring David and her into more clear concentration and the two rejoined. The couple acquired cash from Susans mother for an up front installment on a house, thinking having their own home would fix their difficulties. Yet, throughout the following nine months, Susan turned out to be increasingly far off and whined persistently about being pregnant. In June 1993, David felt forlorn and confined in his marriage and started a relationship with a colleague. After the introduction of their subsequent youngster, Alexander Tyler, on August 5, 1993, David and Susan rejoined, however inside three weeks David had by and by moved out and the two chose the relationship was finished. Notwithstanding their messed up marriage, both David and Susan were acceptable, mindful and caring guardians who appeared to appreciate the youngsters. Tom Findlay Susan, not having any desire to work in a similar spot as David, accepting an occupation as a clerk at the biggest manager in the zone, Conso Products. She was inevitably elevated to the official secretary position for the president and CEO of Conso, J. Carey Findlay. For Union, S.C. this was an esteemed position which presented Susan to well off individuals with extreme ways of life. It likewise allowed her the chance to draw nearer to one of Unions most qualified single guys, the child of her chief, Tom Findlay. In January 1994 Susan and Tom Findlay started calmly dating, however by spring she and David were back together. The compromise just kept going a couple of months and Susan revealed to David she needed a separation. In September she was dating Tom Findlay again and arranging their future together in her brain. Tom, meanwhile, was attempting to make sense of how to end it with Susan. Pleasant Girls Dont Sleep With Married Men On October 17, 1994, only days before David and Susans legal documents were recorded, Tom Findlay sent a Dear John letter to Susan. His purposes behind needing to cut off their association remembered the distinctions for their experiences. He was additionally determined about not needing kids or needing to bring up her kids. He urged Susan to act with moreâ self-regard and alluded to a scene when Susan and a companions spouse were kissing each other in a hot tub during a gathering at Toms fathers home. Findlay composed, If you need to get a pleasant person like me one day, you need to act like a decent young lady. Furthermore, you know, pleasant young ladies dont lay down with wedded men. Narcissistic Delusions Susan was crushed when she read the letter, yet she was likewise living out fanciful dreams which as a general rule were a blend of abnormal falsehoods, deceit,â lust, and narcissism. On oneâ hand, she was profoundly discouraged that Tom finished theirâ relationship however obscure to him, she was still explicitly associated with David and her stepfather, Bev Russell, and had purportedly had a sexual illicit relationship with her supervisor who was Toms father. While trying to get Toms compassion and consideration, Susan admitted to him about her continuous sexual relationship with Bev. At the point when that didnt work, she let him know of her supposed undertaking with his dad and cautioned him that the subtleties of the relationship may come out during her separation with David. Toms response was one of stun and he emphasized that both of them could never again have a sexual relationship. Any would like to move her way over into Toms life had now been for all time cut off. Fixations On October 25, 1994, Susan Smith spent the dayâ obsessingâ over the separation with Tom Findlay. As the day advanced she turned out to be progressively disturbed and requested to go home early. In the wake of getting her youngsters from childcare, she halted to converse with a companion in a parking garage and communicated her feelings of trepidation over Toms response to her laying down with his dad. In a final desperate attempt to influence Toms sentiments, she requested that her companion watch the youngsters while she went to Toms office to disclose to him the story was a falsehood. As per her companion, Tom didn't seem glad to see Susan and immediately got her out of his office. Later that night she called her companion who she knew was eating with Tom and companions. Susan needed to know whether Tom had said anything regarding her, yet he had not. The Murder of Michael and Alex Smith At around 8 p.m. Susan put her barefooted children in the vehicle, lashed them in their vehicle situates and started driving around. In herâ confession, she expressed that she needed to bite the dust and was made a beeline for her moms house, yet ruled against it. Instead, she headed to John D. Long Lake and drove onto a slope, escaped the vehicle, put the vehicle in drive, discharged the brake and looked as her vehicle, with her youngsters dozing in the secondary lounge, dove into the lake. The vehicle floated outâ then gradually sank. Nine Days of Deceit Susan Smith rushed to a close by home and madly thumped on the entryway. She told the property holders, Shirley and Rick McCloud, that a dark man had taken her vehicle and her two young men. She portrayed how she had halted at a red light at Monarch Mills when a man with a weapon bounced into her vehicle and advised her to drive. She drove around a few, and afterward he advised her to stop and escape the vehicle. By then, he revealed to her he wouldnt hurt the children and afterward drove off with the young men who she could hear were shouting out for her. For nine days Susan Smith stuck the story ofâ

The Evolution of Physics

The Evolution of Physics Dont forget to vote for me in the 2008 Blogging Scholarship for $10,000! I dont like physics. A lot of people seem to think I do. Id like to dispel those rumors: I dont like physics. Lucky for me, there are all sorts of majors here at MIT to choose from that have nothing to do with physics at all. I could be an electrical engineer, I could do brain and cognitive sciences, I could do chemistry or biology, or any number of different things. Which did I choose? Mechanical Engineering. I discovered something about mechanical engineering. Apart from physics, it has the most physics. Awesome, I picked a major that essentially is everything that I hate (physics) mixed with everything I love (building stuff). Working my way through physics problems in high school, freshman year, and now during sophomore year Im noticing a trend in physics problems: they get harder. Check this out Junior Year of High School: This is a nice summary of physics in high school for me: We have an Honors physics class where nothing is being learned We have an Asian (15% of the total asian population of my school) We have an Hispanic (30% of the total hispanic population of my school) We have a very difficult to build card house We have a water bottle on said card house We have more card house on said water bottle We have the teacher taking a picture of the lack of learning in his class. Needless to say things got different when I got to MIT. Freshman Year: What? You mean the horizontal component down the ramp is a sin instead of a cos!? Whoa dude, whoa. And then, a little later. . . Wait, blocks sliding on blocks? Wait, that doesnt . . . huh? Sophomore Year: This is when I realize that mechanical engineering = physics. I think it really struck me that physics was hard when I got this problem in my PSET thats due next week. Yep, lets see, cart attached to wall with a spring, a pendulum attached to the cart, a force applied to the end of the pendulum, and a dashpot between the pendulum and the wall. Suck. Flipping through my text book, I saw more and more physics, some of which actually would give me nightmares. Ive scanned one of those nightmarish ones for you to see. Ready? Can you handle this? AAAAAAAAAAAHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! *faint*

Pronouncing the Difficult Consonants of Spanish

While many of the Spanish consonants have sounds that are similar to those in English, many are distinctly different and have become the bane of many a Spanish student. Persons learning Spanish who see a familiar letter are tempted to give it the pronunciation they already know—but more often than not that wont get it exactly right. Even though Spanish is highly phonetic, some letters have more than one pronunciation, and still others are simply different than what might be expected. Consonants With More Than One Sound C, at least in most of Latin America, is pronounced like the c in cereal when it comes before an e or an i, and like the c in car when it is other positions. Examples: complacer, hacer, à ¡cido, carro, acabar, crimen. Note: Although you will be understood if you use the Latin American pronunciation, in parts of Spain the c sounds like the th in thin when it comes before an e or i. Learn more details in the lesson on pronouncing the C. D generally is pronounced somewhat like the d in diet, although often the tongue touches the bottom of the teeth instead of the top. But when d comes between vowels, it has a much softer sound, kind of like the th in that. Examples: derecho, helado, diablo. See our lesson on pronouncing the  D for more details. G is pronounced much like the English g in go, although softer, except when it precedes an i or e. In those cases, it is pronounced like the Spanish j. Examples: gordo, gritar, gigante, mà ¡gico. See the lesson on pronouncing the  G. N usually has the sound of the n in nice. If it is followed by a b, v, f or p, it has the sound of m in empathy. Examples: no, en, en vez de, andar. Learn more in our lesson on the  N. X varies in sound, depending on the origin of the word. It is often pronounced like the x in example or exit, but it also may be pronounced like the s or the Spanish j. In words of Mayan origin it can even have the English sh sound. Examples: à ©xito, experiencia, Mà ©xico, Xela. See also our explanation of the Spanish  X. Consonants That Markedly Differ from English B and V are pronounced exactly the same. In fact, one of the few spelling problems that many Spanish speakers have is with these two letters, because they dont distinguish them at all from their sound. Generally, the b and v are pronounced like the b in beach. When either of the letters is between two vowels, the sound is formed kind of like the English v, except that the sound is made by touching the lips together instead of the upper teeth and lower lip. See our lesson on pronouncing the B and V for more details and a brief audio lesson. H is always silent. Examples: hermano, hacer, deshacer. See also the lesson on the silent H. J (and the g when before an e or i) can be difficult, as its sound, that of the German ch, is absent in English except for a few foreign words where it is sometimes retained, as in the final sound of loch or the initial sound of Channukah. The sound is sometimes described as a heavily aspirated h, made by expelling air between the back of the tongue and the soft palate. If you cant pronounce it well, youll be understood by using the h sound of house, but its worthwhile to work on the correct pronunciation. Examples: garaje, juego, jardà ­n. See the lesson on pronouncing the J. L is always pronounced like the first l in little, never like the second one. Examples: los, helado, pastel. See the lesson on pronouncing the L. LL (once considered a separate letter) is usually pronounced like the y in yellow. There are some regional variations, however. In parts of Spain it has the sound of the ll in million, and in parts of Argentina it has the zh sound of azure. Examples: llama, calle, Hermosillo. See the lesson on pronouncing the LL. Ñ is pronounced like the ny in canyon. Examples: à ±oà ±o, caà ±Ãƒ ³n, campaà ±a. See the lesson on pronouncing the Ñ. R and RR are formed by a flap of the tongue against the roof of the mouth, or a trill. See the R and RR how to guides for these letters. Z generally sounds like the s in simple. In Spain it is often pronounced like the th in thin. Examples: zeta, zorro, vez. See our lesson on pronouncing the C and Z.

How to Understand a Stem and Leaf Plot Diagram

Data can be shown in a variety of ways including graphs, charts, and tables. A stem-and-leaf plot is a type of graph that is similar to a histogram but shows more information by summarizing the shape of a set of data (the distribution) and providing extra detail regarding individual values. This data is arranged by  place value where the digits in the largest place are referred to as the stem, while the digits in the smallest value or values are referred to as the leaf or leaves, which are displayed to the right of the stem on the diagram. Stem-and-leaf plots are great organizers for large amounts of information. However, it is also helpful to have an understanding of the  mean, median, and mode  of data sets in general, so be sure to review these concepts prior to beginning work with stem-and-leaf plots.   Using Stem-and-Leaf  Plot Diagrams Stem-and-leaf plot graphs are usually used when there are large amounts of numbers to analyze. Some examples of common uses of these graphs are to track a series of scores on sports teams, a series of temperatures or rainfall over a period of time, or a series of classroom test scores. Check out this example of test scores: Test Scores Out of 100 Stem Leaf 9 2 2 6 8 8 3 5 7 2 4 6 8 8 9 6 1 4 4 7 8 5 0 0 2 8 8 The Stem shows the tens column and the leaf. At a glance, you can see that four students got a mark in the 90s on their test out of 100. Two students received the same mark of 92, and no students received marks that fell below 50  or reached 100. When you count the total number of leaves, you know how many students took the test. Stem-and-leaf  plots provide an at-a-glance tool for specific information in large sets of data. Otherwise, you would have a long list of marks to sift through and analyze. You can use this form of data analysis to find medians, determine totals, and define the modes of data sets, providing valuable insight into trends and patterns in large data sets. In this instance, a teacher would need to ensure that the 16 students who scored below 80 truly understood the concepts on the test. Because 10 of those students failed the test, which accounts for almost half of the class of 22 students, the teacher might need to try a different method that the failing group of students could understand. Using Stem-and-Leaf Graphs for Multiple Sets of Data To compare two sets of data, you can use a back-to-back stem-and-leaf  plot. For instance, if you want to compare the scores of two sports teams, you can use the following stem-and-leaf plot:   Scores Leaf Stem Leaf Tigers Sharks 0 3 7 9 3 2 2 2 8 4 3 5 5 1 3 9 7 5 4 6 8 8 9 The tens column is now in the middle column, and the ones column is to the right and left of the stem column. You can see that the Sharks had more games with a higher score than the Tigers because the Sharks only had two games with a score  of 32, while the Tigers had four games—a 30, 33, 37 and a 39. You can also see that the Sharks and the Tigers tied for the  highest score:  a 59. Sports fans often use these stem-and-leaf  graphs to represent their teams scores to compare success. Sometimes, when the record for wins is tied within a football league, the higher-ranked team will be determined by examining data sets that are more easily observable, including the median and mean of the two teams scores. Practice Using Stem-and-Leaf  Plots Try your own stem-and-leaf  plot with the following temperatures for June. Then, determine the median for the temperatures: 77 80 82 68 65 59 6157 50 62 61 70 69 6467 70 62 65 65 73 7687 80 82 83 79 79 7180 77 Once youve sorted the data by value and grouped them by the tens digit, put them into a graph called Temperatures. Label the left column (the stem) as Tens and the right column as Ones, then fill in the corresponding temperatures as they occur above. How to Solve to Practice Problem Now that youve had a chance to try this problem on your own, read on to see an example of the correct way to format this data set as a stem-and-leaf  plot graph. Temperatures Tens Ones 5 0 7 9 6 1 1 2 2 4 5 5 5 7 8 9 7 0 0 1 3 6 7 7 9 9 8 0 0 0 2 2 3 7 You should always begin with the lowest number, or in this case  temperature: 50. Since 50 was the lowest temperature of the month, enter a 5 in the tens column and a 0 in the ones column, then observe the data set for the next lowest temperature: 57. As before, write a 7 in the ones column to indicate that one instance of 57  occurred, then proceed to the next-lowest temperature of 59 and write a 9 in the ones column. Find all of the temperatures that were in the 60s, 70s, and 80s and write each temperatures corresponding ones value in the ones column. If youve done it correctly, it should yield a stem-and-leaf  plot graph that looks like the one in this section. To find the median, count all the days in the month, which in the case of June is 30. Divide 30 by two, yielding 15, count either up from the lowest temperature of 50 or down from the highest temperature of 87 until you get to the 15th number in the data set, which in this case is 70. This is your median value in the data set.

My Christmas Day Free Essays

string(122) " This sentence sort of came out of the blue and you didn’t mention before who Brian was or continued talking about him\." Alaysha Green Mr. Raymond Villegas ENG 1010 Jan. 31, 2011 FYI: When you are writing papers, make sure everything is evenly spaced. We will write a custom essay sample on My Christmas Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now There should only be a double space between the information and the title My Christmas Day Of 2010 As I woke up with the sun’s rays in my eyes, I hit my phone alarm clock, which since it was ringing at 10 a. m. As I walked (the way you wrote this makes it a fragmented sentence. If you add a subject and change the verb it is not fragmented) down the beige hallway, into the ocean theme bathroom. I turned on the bathroom light, and turned then the water on to wash my face. When you have the same action in the same sentence to different objects you can eliminate the second verb so it doesn’t sound so repetitive After washing my face with warm and soapy water, I took my blue face towel to dry my face off. Good, great description Finished with my face, I realized that it was Christmas morning. This is a great revelation here. I was thinking it was a typical day so I’m glad you held off saying it was Christmas till later in your paragraph. It gives that feel that we (audience) are walking up with you and when we come to our senses we realize it’s Christmas. Good job. I walked down the hallway further to my son, Tydarrius’, Cars theme room filled with a car theme. Standing next to his bed, and waking him up, he jumped out of bed, and said â€Å"Yay! It’s Christmas†. He ran to the Christmas tree to turn on the bright and shining lights. He was amazed and dazzled with all the presents in the front of him. His eyes glistened and sparkled as he took the paper off the presents. Good paragraph. There were a few ways of writing some of the sentences you wrote but otherwise it was good Scuffing off to the freshly white painted living room to watch him, open his gifts, I told him. â€Å"I hope you like your gifts, baby†. When I read your draft in lab, it needed some work. Now I like the revisions that you have made to your draft. I can see a vast improvement When he got through with gift wrappings, we threw all of the wrappings in our black gallon size trash can. Sometime later, my mom and dad came over to the house. Tydarrius opened the big red front door with double locks on it for from (is from what you are trying to say here? ) them. Tydarrius and I hugged them and said â€Å"Merry Christmas†. As they walked in the door, they pulled out two gifts with snowman wrapping. Tydarrius ran to the gifts with great excitement and with speed. Tydarrius ripped open the presents. The first present he opened was a yellow and black motorcycle with driver. His second gift was a v-tech reader book called â€Å"What That Noise†. As he played with his toys, I wandered off from the family room directly into the my apple themed kitchen. I turned on the kitchen lights and started to cook on the white gas stove, cooking breakfast for my son and me. The aroma filled the air with the smell of scrambled eggs, crispy turkey bacon, and buttery grits with cheese. Good I laid his food on the Thomas and Friends plate ware which sits in dining room. I called him to the red oak square dining room table. He ate his food with the speed of lightening. Great paragraph The time was 12:00 p. m. , when we decided to go to my Aunt Shirley’s house for a visit. The sun still shined bright as we walked outside into the cold and crisp air to get into the light blue Nissan pathfinder. As we drove, I saw a lot of people smiling, laughing, and playing with their families. Kids were playing with their Christmas toys too. As the car stopped, we arrived in front of my aunt’s house. My father parked the truck in front of white picket fence of my aunt’s house. My aunt’s house is a brick house with wild flowers growing in and out the front and back yard. It’s surrounded by a bright, white, picket fence with an open and closed gate door to enter in. We arrived at her house at 12:45 p. m. As we walked in her house, she said, â€Å"Merry Christmas to you. † She offered us to sit down on the black leather sofa, in her Jungle themed living room. This is a great paragraph. Notice I didn’t have to make any corrections. In this paragraph. Everything flowed nicely. The house was filled with the aroma of delicious and tasteful foods like The food she cooked included fried chicken, honey baked ham, fried turkey, barbecue ribs, and fried pork chops. Her sides included were organized in a row and began with rice, collard greens, baked Mac-cheese, squash, green beans, macaroni salad, and pasta salad. Her desserts included There mouth watering deserts such as banana creme pies, pumpkin pies, sweet potato pies, and chocolate cakes. After a long visit at my aunt’s house, it was finally time at eat. We said the Lord’s prayer and ate. When the feast was over, we sat around and sang Christmas songs on the red oak piano in the dinner hall. We sung sang Christmas songs such as Frosty the Snowman, Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer, Silent Night, and Santa Claus is Coming To Town. I don’t think these words have to be underlined because they are not a book. I think they have to be italicized or used with quotation marks. You can check in your resource book Everyone sang all the songs okay, but little Brian from next door sang off key on purpose to get attention from everybody who was singing. This sentence sort of came out of the blue and you didn’t mention before who Brian was or continued talking about him. You read "My Christmas Day" in category "Essay examples" In this situation you have to ask yourself â€Å"What is the importance for having this sentence about Brian in my story. When the singing was over, we walked back into the living room to pursue more entertaining activities. You should begin a new paragraph here since you are no longer singing. Dancing is in the same genre as singing but it is an action entirely different and you switched to another room. Back in the family room we started a dancing contest which included everyone in t he house. We started dancing to old and new hip hop party music. As soon as the music started, my shy and quiet cousin, Jada, was embarrassed about dancing in front of people. I pulled her up off of the black leather sofa. At first she was standing there like a kid who forgot their line in a school play. Good analogy She took a deep breath and danced like a video diva on a BET music video. After dancing, we sat in the den and listened to a Christmas story called, â€Å"It Was the Night Before Christmas†. Everybody sat around my Aunt Shirley, like she was Santa Claus telling the story himself. As she told the story, everyone was as quiet as a mouse. When the story ended, everyone cheered as loud as people that were in a football stadium. Great analogies in this paragraph The time was now 3:00 p. when we decided to play a board game like Sorry and Pictionary. My cousins, Jada and J. D, and I played one game of Sorry together. The game started off with me in 1st place, Jada in 2nd, and J. D in 3rd place. I had 3 pegs on the board. I was red, Jada was blue and had 2 pegs on the board, J. D. was yellow and had 3 pegs on the board. As the game came to an end, I had all my pegs expect one. It was still on the board. My cousin, Jada, had 2 more pegs to get home. My cousin, J. D, had one more to get home. I passed J. D on the game board and won the game. Good. As you write this story it seems to get easier for you to tell it and describe what’s going on. In the beginning of the story your writing seemed forced but now it’s starting to relax. The next game we played was called Pictionary. We split up into two teams. One team included my Aunt Shirley, Cousin Jada, my mother Theresa, Robin, Patricia, and me. We called our team, The Divas. The next team, Ballers, included my father Danny, Alvin, Terrance, Josh, and family friend James. After a long struggle, team Diva won the game with 10 points. Ballers lost with 7 points. Both teams played an excellent game. There is a nice flow to this paragraph. I didn’t take part in Scramble, because I was tired and needed a break. So I sat in a kitchen chair to watch and listen to the Scramble match that was going on. I watched the Scramble match between my cousins, Jada, Terrance, Larry, and family friend James. Larry won the game. Jada came in 2nd place. James in 3rd place. Terrance lost completely, with no points on the board. He was cooler than a cucumber about the loss. Another great analogy After the game playing was over, I walked from the kitchen to the living room. I sat down on the black sofa in the living room with Cousin Jada as she talked about her new boyfriend. She seemed to be very happy and her face was as bright as northern lights in the night sky. As she talked about him to me, Jada described him as tall, dark-skinned, smart, and handsome man with powerful shoulders and muscles. I was very happy for her, but felt a little envy too. This was your strongest paragraph in the essay. Good job. After my long conversation with her, I walked slowly outside next to white picket fence, where my cousin J. D was standing. J. D. began talking about his plans after high school graduation. I stood there with him, because I wanted to listen to his ideas. He turned and asked me, â€Å"What choices do I have†? I replied to him, â€Å"You can get a job, go into military, or continue your education at Virginia College like me†. Then I told him,† I am very proud of you for coming so far†. J. D thanked me for believing in him. I said, â€Å"Remember to keep up the good work†. I walked back into the living room to look at the clock. The time was now 6 p. m. You should begin a new paragraph here My family and I told everybody goodbye. We strolled outside thru the gate and jumped into the blue Nissan Pathfinder truck. My parents took Tydarrius and me back home. They told us goodbye. They jumped back into the truck and left down the black concrete street. As we walked up the seven wooden stairs and into the house, I locked the front door behind us. Then we enjoyed the rest of the evening with each other. I liked your conclusion. I think you could have re-capped the day with your family a bit more. I was having so much fun hearing about the games, singing, dancing, and eating that I forgot your day began with just you and your little boy. A conclusion should include a little of everything you mentioned in your paper. Alaysha Wow! You have come a long way from the 1st draft that I read. There were a lot of editing mistakes and sentence structure mistakes in the beginning of the essay. Please continue to look things up in the reference book (smaller one than your book) to find the answers on correct sentence structure and grammar. In order to be prepared for my job, I have to go back to the resource book often. Rules do change so it’s a never ending battle of study. Also I highlighted some phrases or words in yellow that you use repeatedly. If you describe a room or situation in one way try describing another room in another way. Thank you for your hard work. Your grade is on the next page. 95%= A / -05 points for editing in the beginning of your paper. How to cite My Christmas Day, Essay examples

Different Section of This Report Consist †My assignmenthelp.com

Question: What Is the Different Section of This Report Consist? Answer: Introduction For any organization it is important to design their websites in such a manner that it can easily provide the required information without too much effort [4]. In addition to that, it is also important to develop the site that can provide consistent user experience when viewed over the different devices with variable sizes of screen. Different section of this report consist of discussion about the pitfalls in the design of the website libertyvan.com. In addition to that, it also consist of several recommendation in order to design the web pages that are more user friendly. The webpages of the selected site does not provide any user friendly interaction due to the lack of different elements on the web page. Identification of issue1 No navigation menu on the pages For a standard and user friendly website it is important to provide a Navbar or a navigational menu on its different pages that helps the user to get back to the home page or any other page of the website. An easy and navigable web site can attract and is able to increase the time of interaction of the user with the different pages of the site. This permits a visitor more opportunity to investigate and interact with the site and find data about the organization [5]. In the event that the visitors or the users reach the site and find that it is hard to explore the required data, they might not get back to the website as the site requires extensive time to search for any information which consequently results into avoidance of the site by the users. As this website does not have any kind of navigational menu in order to help the users to get back to the home page thus, the site makes it hard for the users to get the desired results easily from the different pages. In addition to this, it is fund that there is no search option on the webpage of that may help the users to get the required data. Identification of issue2 Inefficient use of color scheme, typography and page layout One of the most critical visual element of any website is its content, which ought to dependably be clear, effectively lucid, and not bring about any eye strain for its readers i.e. the visitors [3]. Very generally, sites utilize texts that are too bright or too little to be read by the visitors. It is important to pick textual styles that have contrast with its background, or utilize text styles that are unpleasant for reading. When in doubt, the sites ought to abstain from utilizing dark or other dim colors for the site's background. The visitors read can read content in dark colors on white background quicker and simpler than light content on dim background. Different researches have demonstrated that individuals read content with dark colors on a white background website significantly quicker and more effectively than content with other colors on a dark background [6]. White, yellow, and light-colored content is just too bright and glaring to peruse effectively on any kind of screen. While investing the site libertyvan.com, we found that the site is using bright blue color as the back ground of the site on which the texts are written in white, red and blue color that causes strain on the readers eyes. In addition to that, the intensity of the colors of the texts clashes with the subtle colors of the used photographic image. This in turn makes the used colors seem dull while compared to the environment. In addition to that, the textual content of the page overlaps with the given photographs that results in decreased readability of the content on the page and it also have adverse impact in the layout of the web page too. Identification of issue3 Slow loading speed of the web pages This website was not served using GZIP encoding. GZIP compression is widely supported and reduces the load time of a web page [4]. This leads to the loss of patience of the users as they do not want to wait too much for the loading of the content on the web page Recommendations After analyzing the design of the website it is found that if the following recommendations are applied to the pages of this website then it can easily become a user friendly website that makes its users comfortable and provides the desired information in fewer steps. Use of navigating bar: The site must provide a navigational menu or navigation bar that provides the users of the site to reach out any page of the web site at any point of time. Proper use of color scheme: Use of dim colors for back ground and bright colors for the content text. This will enable the users to easily read the content and understand the objective of the organization through the web page [2]. In addition to that the web page should use different intense colors in order to attract the users eye on any kind of special information on the site. Use of GZIP encoding: Due to the faulty structure and not using the GZIP encoding the pages of this site takes too much time to load on the browsers. Therefore it is suggested to use the GZIP encoding for the contents of the webpages. Conclusion The good design and consistent layout of the web pages can be very useful to acquire new visitors and retain them while providing the required information in lesser amount of effort. As the technology is changing exponentially every day,visitors try to get everything faster. Thus the features like Navigation bars withconcise and clear categoriesallow users to rapidly and easily access information aboutthe organization or the information they require. References [1]K. Al-Qeisi, C. Dennis, E. Alamanos and C. Jayawardhena, "Website design quality and usage behavior: Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology",Journal of Business Research, vol. 67, no. 11, pp. 2282-2290, 2014. [2]J. Kim, "Web Accessibility-based Website Design and Realization - With focus on T-Cast-Integrated Website",KOREA SCIENCE ART FORUM, vol. 15, p. 167, 2014. [3]Y. AkgL and K. Vatansever, "Web Content Accessibility of Municipal Web Sites in Turkey",Journal of Advances in Information Technology, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 43-48, 2016. [4]P. Lorca, J. de Andrs and A. Martnez, "Does Web accessibility differ among banks?",World Wide Web, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 351-373, 2015. [5]R. Yu, "Design and Realization of the Personalized Data in Tourism Business Website",Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 556-562, pp. 5780-5782, 2014. [6]B. Hu, "Applications of Interaction Design on the Website Interface Design",Advanced Materials Research, vol. 468-471, pp. 378-381, 2012.

Companies and Securities Law Assignment Essay Example

Companies and Securities Law Assignment Essay Companies and Securities Law Assignment Venture Pty Ltd, which uses the Replaceable Rules for its Constitution, is a small proprietary company originally. As it is growing fast, the shareholders are all on the Board and they all have a number of complicated transactions with the company. Many of them are suppliers to the Company and most of them have loans or finance of some sort with the Company. The business is growing so fast that the original type and structure of the company may hinder the further development of the company’s business. So the existing shareholders want to expand and to do this they want to float the business as a Public listed company. Introduction: This report will discuss the process for Venture of changing the company type from a proprietary company to a public company and also make an investigation into the steps for it to becoming a publically listing company. What’s more, the discussion also focus on any constitutional matters that need to be dealt with when listing, any corporate governance practices that need to be adopted when becoming listed company, any main listing requirements provided in the ASX Listing Rules and Corporations Act with which need to be comply, and any disclosure obligations for Venture when involving in IPO and after becoming a publicly listing company. ASX:The ASX operates a market for equity and  debt securities  issued by listed companies. We will write a custom essay sample on Companies and Securities Law Assignment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Companies and Securities Law Assignment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Companies and Securities Law Assignment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To protect the integrity of that market, ASX has standards for the behavior of listed  companies through its Listing Rules. The Issuers business unit makes day-to-day decisions about the application of the ASX Listing Rules. Guidance notes are also published to assist listed  companies and their advisers to understand how certain listing rules and procedures operate. 1 The process of changing the Company and getting listed The g shareholders of Venture Pty Ltd seek to change Venture to a public listed company for reasons, the principal one usually being to enable it to undertake public capital-raising to expand its business. The steps and processes for Venture Pty Ltd to change from a â€Å"proprietary† to â€Å"public† company involve the followings steps which are Board Meeting, EGM Documents, Timing, Extraordinary General Meeting, Change of Type and ASIC. And after becoming a public company, the shareholders of Venture want to have the company get listed on ASX to become a publicly listed company in Australia. A, The process of changing the company 1. Board Meeting Board meetings are held so members of a board of directors can make decisions regarding the direction of a company. Often board meetings must be held publicly, though frequently only the board members attend. Board members vote on decisions regarding the company and there normally must be a quorum in order for the meeting to be considered legal. A quorum, unless otherwise defined by the board represents at least half of the board members. During board meetings, the secretary records all discussion and actions taken by the board, called the minutes. The secretary will then type up the minutes, which usually must be filed and kept in case there is any government investigation of the board at a later date. Minutes also may need to be presented to the public should there be a request for such from the public. The Board also needs to decide whether a new Constitution is necessary. Often a new â€Å"public company† specific Constitution is appropriate although the existing Replaceable Rules used as Constitution of the Venture will usually suffice (subject to any Corporations Act provisions for public companies then over-riding any conflicting articles of the Constitution). 2. EGM Documents Including the EGM Notice, Explanatory Memorandum, Proxy Form and Letter to Shareholders are finalized, printed and dispatched. If a new Constitution is proposed shareholders would usually be advised in the EM or Letter that it is available in need (by hard copy or by email) or posted on the Company’s website, rather than mail it to all shareholders. 3. Timing A minimum 21 days’ clear advance notification1 is necessary for the EGM subject to the Company’s Constitution, including Notice posting/delivery days. So normally say a minimum 4 weeks to be on the safe side. 4. Extraordinary General Meeting Extraordinary General Meetings are important company procedures. It is crucial that they are conducted with utmost precision so you comply with the law. An extraordinary general meeting (EGM) of a company is a general meeting of all members of a company (this usually means shareholders), an EGM gives shareholders a chance to vote on important decisions. An EGM may be called at any time. A resolution in favour of a change to â€Å"public† company type requires the passing of a â€Å"special resolution†, that is, the consent of 75% of shareholders present in person and/or by proxy2 (subject to any contrary wording in the existing Constitution not in conflict with the Corporations Act). , Change of Type With the change to a public listed company a number of matters must be dealt with or have effect, etc. In particular: †¢ By no later than the effective date (which will be known in advance because of the gazettal period), the Venture must have a minimum three Directors3 and a Company Secretary4. Note: for a public company at least 2 of the Directors and the Company Secretary must be Australian residents. †¢ Directors appointed need to be more conscious of the Corporations Act sections covering ‘related party interests’, particularly in relation to voting restrictions5 and difficulties that could arise with ‘related party benefits’6, for the reasons that the previous board of directors of the Venture Pty Ltd, that is, the old form of the company all have a number of complicated transactions with the company. †¢ The Company must clearly display a notice showing â€Å"Registered Office of the Company†7. And all stationery, check book, written references to the Company, use of Company name and etc. must indicate its new type. Within 1 month of the effective date an Auditor must be appointed, although his written consent must first be obtained. Such appointment must be ratified at the next AGM8. †¢ Annual Accounts must be audited and lodged with ASIC by 31 October each year (as well, if the Company becomes a Disclosing Entity, it must lodge audit-re viewed half-yearly accounts) and must be sent to shareholders (usually as part of an Annual Report) by 31 October. †¢ An AGM must be held by 30 November9. 6, ASIC The  Australian Securities Investments Commission  (ASIC) is an independent  Australian government  body that acts as  Australias corporate regulator. ASICs role is to enforce and regulate company and financial services laws to protect Australian consumers, investors and creditors. To change company’s type, the Venture must lodge application Forms 205 206 with ASIC after the EGM10. The application must be accompanied by the following11: †¢ A copy of the special resolution that resolves to change the type of the company, specifies the new type and the companys new name (if a change of name is necessary); and any other special resolution passed in connection with the change of type; †¢ A consolidated copy of the companys new constitution (if any) as at the date of lodgment; Then follows the â€Å"gazettal period†, that is, one month after publication4 (which may not be until up to a couple of weeks after lodging the Forms) of the Company’s intention to change type in the Commonwealth Government Gazette. After the one month date, if there have been no objections (e. g. by creditors), ASIC issues a new â€Å"Certificate of Registration on Conversion to a Public Company†. This is the date the change takes effect. B, The process of getting listed Before introducing the process necessary to getting listed, it’s better to get a deep knowledge about the listing. . Listing Listing means admission of securities to dealings on a recognised stock exchange. The securities may be of any public limited company, Central or State Government, quasi governmental and other financial institutions/corporations, municipalities, etc. Listing is the process of taking a privately-owned organisation and making the transition to a publicly-owned entity whose shares can be traded on the Australian stock exchange. For example, a company is said to be â€Å"listed†, â€Å"quoted† or â€Å"have a listing† if its shares can be traded on ASX for public trading. The objectives of listing are mainly to : †¢ provide liquidity to securities; †¢ mobilize savings for economic development; †¢ protect interest of investors by ensuring full disclosures. To be more accurate, it is the securities that are listed, not the company. The phrase â€Å"listed company† is widely used to mean a company that has listed  ordinary shares. It is possible (although not common) for a company to have listed  debt securities  but not listed shares. Listing in more than one market is possible through  secondary listings, or through the more complex approach of  dual listing. The ability to have its shares traded on a stock exchange is central to an organisations decision to list. The fundamental role of a stock exchange is to bring together in one market place providers of capital and organisations that require capital. ASX undertakes this role in Australia and as such, acts as a hub at the centre of the Australian economy. Providers of capital earn a return on their investments through dividends and capital growth, thereby increasing the overall wealth of the nation, while the organisations in which they invest provide jobs and drive the economic development of Australia. . The benefits of listing A companys reasons for deciding to publicly list on the stock exchange often include the ability to get access to the capital markets for financial expansion and acquisitions. They usually have invested many years of plowing back profits and guaranteeing borrowings and rather than sell out, they wish to remain with the company and be part of its future growth. There are many advantages that accrue to companies that attain a public listing of their shares. Some of the key considerations and benefits are:    § Creating a market for the companys shares; Enhancing the status and financial standing of the company;    § Increasing public awareness and public interest in the company and its products;    § Providing the company with an opportunity to implement share option schemes for their employees;    § Accessing to additional fund raising in the future by means of new issues of shares or other securities;    § Facilitating acquisition opportunities by use of the companys shares; and    § Offering existing shareholders a ready means of realising their investments. . Process of getting listed12 STEP 1: Appoint and consult with advisers Underwriters, stockbrokers, Corporate Advisers, Accountants, Lawyers, Experts. STEP 2: Making notice to ASX Preliminary stages—guidance on general IPO process. That is, ASX welcome s the opportunity to find out more about the company’s business and to help it with general guidance on the listing process and to advise it on ASX’s role in that process. Advanced stages—guidance on ASX Listing Rules. That is, at these stages, ASX provide the company with insight into the listing process, regulatory issues, structural issues and organisation constitutional issues that the company need to be aware of before listing and answer queries regarding the ASX Listing Rules and general business issues including: †¢ Constitution documents †¢ Whether ASX would be likely to treat any securities as restricted and apply escrow provisions †¢ Related Party transactions †¢ Employee incentive schemes †¢ Management agreements †¢ Listing timetables, and †¢ Meeting initial and ongoing Listing Rule obligations generally. STEP 3: Preparation of Prospectus and Due Diligence The due diligence process is integral to the preparation of the prospectus and allows all parties concerned to satisfy themselves of their legal responsibilities, the structure of the transaction, and the content of the prospectus. A Due Diligence Committee is usually established to conduct this process. The process involves an all encompassing examination of your company and detailed verification of the information disclosed in the prospectus carried out by key participants in the IPO process, such as Management, Company directors, appointed advisers and underwriters. Importantly, the due diligence process also provides a statutory defence against potential liability under the Corporations Act in certain circumstances. STEP 4: Lodge prospectus The prospectus is lodged with ASIC once approved by the company’s board. After lodgment with ASIC, a company cannot accept subscriptions under a prospectus for a period of 7 days. This period can be extended by ASIC to 14 days during which time ASIC can require amendments to be made to the document. STEP 5: Apply to list Having prepared and lodged your prospectus with ASIC, you are now able to submit your listing application to ASX. The application form is contained in Appendix 1A of the ASX Listing Rules and must be received by ASX with the relevant admission fees within seven days of lodging your prospectus with ASIC. ASX will review your application and Prospectus to ensure that it satisfies ASX’s Listing Rules. Listing application must be lodged within 7 days of lodging your prospectus with ASIC. STEP 6: IPO period Average of 6 to 8 weeks Once the prospectus has been lodged with ASIC, the company announces the opening of the offer. Moreover it is common for companies to conduct roadshows to present their investment credentials to institutional investors. These can assist in achieving substantial share purchase commitments in advance. STEP 7: Admission to ASX official list Subject to conditions including completion of capital-raising. STEP 8: Commence trading Official quotation of the Company’s securities Once ASX has considered a company’s listing application, the company will be advised in writing of the outcome. This will be in the form of a decision containing the conditions that need to be satisfied before the company is admitted to the official list (such as closing the offer, raising the minimum subscription amount, allotting and issuing securities and having sufficient shareholder spread), and the conditions that must be fulfilled before quotation can commence (such as despatch of holding statements, return of any refund money and provision of a shareholder distribution schedule and a statement setting out the names of the top 20 holders). Quotation will normally commence on the third business day following despatch of holding statements to shareholders. Your shares will be quoted on ASX’s integrated trading system. 2 Constitutional matters which need to be addressed According to Corporations Act, after changing to a public company, Venture is required to have its own Constitution13, rather than using the Replaceable Rules as its Constitution when it gets ready for listing on the ASX. Also in order to comply with ASX Listing Rules, the company is requested to alter its original Constitution by completing a specified checklist and submitting it accompanying with its amended Constitution to ASX. The purpose of the checklist is to assist when revising their constitution or adopting a new one to ensure that it complies with the listing rules. It is also to assist ASX in reviewing documents related to the changes in a timely manner. Reference to ASX Listing rules: Appendix 1A, and download the â€Å"Checklist for Constitutions of listed entities† at ASX. com. au) 3 The corporate governance practices need to be adopted For all listed companies in Australia, there is an Australian Stock Exchange Limited (ASX) Listing Rule requiring the inclusion, in the Companys annual report14, of a statement of the main Corporate Governance practices that have been applied during the reporting period. In March 2003 the ASX issued its Corporate Governance Council’s best practice recommendations. Later on the second Edition Corporate Governance Guidelines—the Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations, was released in August 2007. On 30 June 2010, the ASX Corporate Governance Council released amendments to the 2nd edition of the Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations in relation to diversity, remuneration, trading policies and briefings, which will apply to listed entities from 1 January 2011. Assume that the Venture apply for getting listed after 1 Jan 2011, the Amendments to 2nd edition will apply to it. The Board of Directors of Venture has to make a decision about the recommendations and principles which it endorses and will adopt therein as the basis for the Board Charter on Corporate Governance. Also the Venture is required to set out the relevant disclosure in a separate corporate governance statement in its annual report. The statement should outline the main Corporate Governance policies that have been applied throughout its financial year. Here, we could roughly introduce the corporation governance practices available to Venture for setting out its own Corporate Governance policies according to the â€Å"The Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations† 15. †¢ Principle 1 – Lay solid foundations for management and oversight—Companies should establish and disclose the respective roles and responsibilities of board and management. †¢ Principle 2 Structure the board to add value—Companies should have a board of an effective composition, size and commitment to adequately discharge its responsibilities and duties. Principle 3 Promote ethical and responsible decision-making—Companies should actively promote ethical and responsible decision-making. †¢ Principle 4 Safeguard integrity in financial reporting—Companies should have a structure to independently verify and safeguard the integrity of their financial reporting. †¢ Principle 5 Make timely and bala nced disclosure—Companies should promote timely and balanced disclosure of all material matters concerning the company. Principle 6 Respect the rights of shareholders—Companies should respect the rights of shareholders and facilitate the effective exercise of those rights. †¢ Principle 7- Recognise and manage risk—Companies should establish a sound system of risk oversight and management and internal control. †¢ Principle 8- Remunerate fairly and responsibly—Companies should ensure that the level and composition of remuneration is sufficient and reasonable and that its relationship to performance is clear. What’s more the Corporations Act requires particular information to be included in the directors’ report; the company has the discretion to include a cross-reference to the relevant information in the corporate governance section of the annual report rather than duplicating the information. For more general information, there are requirements to make this information publicly available, ideally on the company website. 4 What are the main listing requirements that need to be followed? Venture must also meet specific requirements set out in the ASX listing rules in order to be eligible to list. These requirements include a set of minimum admission criteria, including structure, size and number of shareholders. The following table summarizes some of the key criteria Venture will need to meet to be eligible for listing16: |Criterion 1 |The entity’s structure and operations must be appropriate for a listed entity. | |Criterion 2 |The entity must have a constitution and | |Criterion 3 |The entity’s constitution must be consistent with the listing rules. |Criterion 4 |A prospectus or Product Disclosure Statement must be issued and lodged with ASIC. | |Criterion 5 |The entity must apply for and be granted permission for quotation of all the securities in its main class | | |of securities. | |Criterion 6 |An entity must satisfy either (a) or (b). | | |(a) There must be at least 500 holders each having a parcel of the main class of securities with a value | | |of at least $2,000. | | |(b) Both of the following are satisfied. | |There must be at least 400 holders each having a parcel of the main class of securities with a value of at| | |least $2,000; | | |Persons who are not related parties of the entity must hold that number of securities in the main class, | | |excluding restricted securities, which is not less than 25% of the total number of securities in that | | |class. |Criterion 7 |The entity must satisfy either the profit test in rule 1. 2 or the assets test in rule 1. 3. | |Profits test17 | | |To be eligible for admission by meeting the profits test, each of the following must be satisfied (in | | |addition to various other threshold requirements): | | |the entity must be a going concern; | | |the entitys main business activity must have been the same for the last three years; | | |three years of audited accounts must be provided to the ASX; and | | |the entitys aggregated profit from the last 3 full financial years must have been at least $1 million and| | |at least $400,000 net profit over last 12 months. | | |Assets test18 | | |In th e case of entities that are not investment entities, the assets test outlined chapter 1 provides that| | |the entity involved must at the time of admission: | | |have a market capitalisation of $ 10 Million; or | | |have net tangible assets of $ 2 Million after the costs of fundraising. | |And | | |less than half of the entities assets must be in cash (or in forms readily converted to cash); or | | |half or more of the entities total tangible assets (after fund raising) are in cash, and the entity has | | |commitments to spend half of its cash consistent with its statement of business objectives that it must | | |provide to the ASX; | | |And | | |the entitys prospectus, product disclosure statement or information memorandum must include a statement | | |that it has enough working capital to carry out its stated objectives; or | | |the entity must have at least $1. 5 Million in working capital. | | |In addition | | |providing the ASX with 3 years of audited accounts and reports that are available. | |If the accounts have not been audited, the ASX must be notified; and | | |A proforma balance sheet, together with a review by a Registered Company Auditor. | |Criterion 8 |The entity must appoint a person to be responsible for communication with ASX in relation to listing rule | | |matters. | |Criterion 9 |The entity must provide a statement disclosing the extent to which the entity will follow, as at the date | | |of its admission to the official list, the recommendations set by the ASX Corporate Governance Council. If| | |the entity does not intend to follow all the recommendations on its admission to the official list, the | | |entity must identify the recommendations that will not be followed and give reasons for not following | | |them. | | |An entity which will be included in the SP All Ordinaries Index on admission to the official list must | | |have an audit committee. If the entity will be in the SP, or ASX 300 Index on admission to the official | | |list, it must also comply with the best practice recommendations set by the ASX Corporate Governance | | |Council in relation to composition, operation and responsibility of the audit committee. | |Criterion 10 |The entity must have a trading policy that complies with ASX listing rule 12. 9. |Criterion 11 |The entity seeking admission to the official list and quotation of securities must pay the fees set and | | |published by ASX. It must do so when and in the manner that ASX specifies. | 5 The disclosure obligations during the fundraising p eriod and after while the company is operating Continuous Disclosure—ASX Listing Rule19 imposes a general obligation on listed companies to disclose material information as well as requiring the release of specific information. The general disclosure obligation requires companies to immediately release to the market any information which a reasonable person would expect to have a material effect on the price or value of its shares. There are some specific exceptions (â€Å"carve out† provisions) with regard to providing confidential information. ASX may also require a company to provide information for release to the market in order to correct or prevent a false market. As a guide, a false market is a market trading on incorrect or incomplete information, regardless of the source of the information. ASX has developed an innovative method for companies to make announcements to the market via a secure and dedicated extranet called ASX Online, Venture can electronically lodge your announcements in either free text or template format. In order to ensure the company complies with its obligation of timely disclosure of such information, Venture must adhere to the following practices: Venture must disclose price sensitive information to the ASX firstly as soon as it becomes aware of the information; and all information disclosed to ASX is promptly placed on the company’s website following receipt of conf irmation from ASX. †¢ Venture must ensure that the information is not false, misleading or deceptive so as to avoid creating what would constitute a false market; and †¢ Venture must ensure that the information is disclosed clearly (expressed objectively), accurately and is complete20. Puffery, imprecise or confusing language such as â€Å"double digit†21growth must be avoided. Periodic Disclosure—in addition to continuous disclosure obligations, ASX listed companies are required to submit certain reports at regular intervals: Half Yearly Reports; Preliminary Final Reports; Annual Reports; and Quarterly activities and cash flow reports (certain companies only). Periodic disclosure is made to ASX’s company announcements office. And also ASX requires an annual report to be sent to holders of ordinary securities and preference securities. The annual report must contain the additional information22, for example: †¢ A statement disclosing the extent to which the entity has followed the recommendations set by the ASX Corporate Governance Council during the reporting period. †¢ The names of substantial holders in the entity, and the number of equity securities to which each substantial holder and the substantial holder’s associates have a relevant interest, as disclosed in substantial holding notices given to the entity. The number of holders of each class of equity securities. †¢ The voting rights attaching to each class of equity securities. †¢ A distribution schedule of the number of holders in each class of equity securities †¢ The name of the entity’s secretary. †¢ The address and telephone n umber of the entity’s registered office in Australia; and of its principal administrative office, if the two are different. †¢ A review of operations and activities for the reporting period. †¢ Whether there is a current on-market buy-back. CONCLUSION Becoming a public company listed on ASX means much more than just complying with the stringent requirements of issuing a prospectus. The general law and specific statutory and regulatory provisions impose continuing duties and requirements on public listed companies and their subsidiaries which differ from those imposed on private companies. To be a public listed company is an excellent approach for Venture to expanding its scale of business and increasing its capital in order to achieve the shareholders’ great ambitions. However, being publically listed is not a walkaway, or breeze for Venture. In the way of transferring, Venture has to make a spectrum of changes in its organizational structure, constitutional matters, business structure etc. to meet the standards of relevant rules and regulations, which will cost them a huge of manpower, materials resources and funds. And also after the transferring, Venture has to follow more stringent operating criteria and disclosure rules according to ASX Listing Rules and Corporations Act. Anyway getting publicly listed will make Venture obtain more benefits than detriments and losses and will improve its corporate image and profile, which lets Venture have more opportunity to get access to more economic benefits and regulates it to be a responsible corporate citizen for the whole public.

Strategic Management and Successful It

Strategic Management and Successful It Strategic Management and Successful It-related Change Essay Topical Study Guide for Exam 1 To help focus your efforts in preparing for Exam 1, you may find the following list of topics useful in your review of Chapters 1 & 2. 1. An understanding of the general concept of information technology in business, including the meaning of, and the relationship among, the following: a. Information systems b. Function IT, network IT, and Enterprise IT c. Examples of the each of the three categories/types of IT 2. Understanding the three roles of managers relating to information technology in business, including: a. Identifying appropriate IT opportunities i. The magnitude of IT investment ii. The relationship of IT investment to business needs, objectives, goals and strategies iii. The basis of true productivity gain and sustainable competitive advantage iv. The importance of top-down imposition of technology standards in support of successful development and implementations of enterprise IT b. Smoothing the introduction and adoption of IT i. Identify, describe, and distinguish two theories of change management and technology acceptance ii. Organizational complements necessary for successful IT-related change, and there relevance to the adoption and implementation of function IT, network IT and enterprise IT c. Ensuring the mitigation of IT Risks i. ITs of IT risks 3. Basic concepts of strategic planning, including: a. Overall process of

Should teens in the United Arab Emirates adopt the British custom of Essay

Should teens in the United Arab Emirates adopt the British custom of taking a gap-year or one year break from studying bet - Essay Example The United Arab Emiretes is one such country that is considering introducing the program in its education system. This follows the advantages associated with adopting the program as has been cited in countries where the program is a custom. Nevertheless, some skeptics have criticised the program arguing that it adds no good to the students and should not be adopted. Gap Years-United Arab Emirates Introduction The term â€Å"Gap Year† for a long time had been associated with the western and European countries, particularly the U.K. and the U.S.. â€Å"Gap Year† refers to the time duration in which high school students are allowed some time off from academic work before proceeding to colleges (Griffith, 2005). Griffith (2005) argues that gap year programs are mainly created to allow students to have fun, travel, participate in community services, as well as for personal growth. Britain is one among the countries in Europe that has adopted this custom within its education curriculum. Griffith (2005) points out that about 660,000 U.K. high school leavers take a Gap Year before proceeding to colleges. This custom has also been adopted in the U.S. as well, where students are being allowed to take a gap year before they can proceed to colleges. ... This paper will examines the reasons why teens in the United Arab Emirate (UAE) should adopt the Gap year custom of Britain. To begin with, Haigler and Nelson (2005) argue that learning about the world is one of the best forms of education that a child can get. However, teens can only learn more about the world if they can have some time to travel. Despite the fact that gap years are not designed for travelling, Haigler and Nelson (2005) reveal that a majority of teens who take gap years seize the chance to travel to foreign countries. This enables these teens to have a feeling of peculiar cultures, which acts as lessons as they discover new things that they would not have otherwise learnt if they did not get the opportunity to travel. Therefore, allowing UAE teens to take a gap year will be beneficial for their personal development in exploring different parts of the world and learning new cultures, which is very good experience. Griffith (2005) argues that people only live once. Th erefore, teens should be given sometime off to have fun and enjoy themselves. This can only become a reality in the UAE is teens are allowed to take a gap year before joining high school. This is because taking a gap year will give them the opportunity to travel, explore, adventure, and discover more about themselves. In fact, reports indicate that thousands of British school leavers use gap years to have fun. The gap year program needs to be adopted by the UAE because it will give the teens the opportunity to learn more about themselves. For instance, gap years will enable UAE teens who have grown up in a structured family with clearly defined goals be it academic, sports, or athletics to be free to assess themselves.

Advanced Entrepreneurship Proposal Research Paper

Advanced Entrepreneurship Proposal - Research Paper Example 24). The nature of the product is self explanatory hence most of the customers would not require any introduction or advertisement into the market. The name Qdat is derived from a personal perspective so as to enable the same producers to demonstrate and make recommendations on the best way that the product will be used so that any further scientific implementers may come from other parts of the world to stop over dependence and monopoly that affects product/ service prices (Sampson, 2009, p. 41). Technology Due to fierce competition in the global arena, most companies prefer working with both hardware and software which are compatible with the competitive edge. However, as technology changes customers are forced to damp the current electronic devises so that they could purchase the compatible ones that are able to work under structures and wireless infrastructures respectively. The number of customers whoa re not able to purchase the electronic appliances are able to smile to the sh ops. Qdat is electronic equipment which is able to integrate any electronic gadget that could translate information from and to digital signal.Through Triangle’s Company the poor citizens also are able to have fun and information at their fingertips comparatively to the well off individuals who are able to purchase the new product directly from the electronic shops. ... company are evenly distributed within the global market so as to reach every person who is willing to purchase the microchip and its programs, which could be installed into any communication gadget. When carrying out research on the market and industry, we realized that many people visit social networks frequently. However, this is not the case for those who are not able to purchase top most phones which require a lot of money. Thus it would be practical to start using then gadget as it bridges the gap between the rich and the poor creating a level ground for update both within the neighborhood as well as global surrounding (Harland, 2004, p. 44). In order to efficiently and effectively compete within the business locality, goods and services are produced utilizing the prevailing optimal methods. For a company to achieve a competitive adge, proper logistics are necessary. For instance, the mode of transportation, and the distribution strategy should be effectively and efficiently pla nned in order to conveniently meet the delivery requirements of the customers globally (Sampson, 2009, p. 59). In a business environment, the Triangle Company will utilize supply chain management to organization the work process, from acquiring raw materials up to the point of consumption. Therefore, effective management of Qdat product requires a thorough understanding of business processes and strategy formulation Qdat microchip should utilize the availability of internet services in order to reach a wide market globally (Assaf, 2006, p. 71). Introducing the new product into the market Entering new markets leads to longer lead times, which interferes with flexibility, thus creating the need for more inventories. Sometimes it is not practically possible to shorten lead times further.

How Does Nutrition Affect Athletic Performance Physical Education Essay

How Does Nutrition Affect Athletic Performance Physical Education Essay Athletes are dedicated to their sport. They exercise daily, train with professionals, lift weights, engage in team practices, and compete against one another. All this commitment is made in an effort to make the human body work more efficiently. Continuous exercise and training, conditions the muscles to work better alongside the bones. For example, baseball pitchers would want to train the muscles in the arm to throw a blazing fast pitch, long distance runners would work to control the respiratory system in order to finish strong at the end of an extensive race, and football players build on agility and muscular endurance sequentially outrunning the opponent. The current generation of athletes has caused competition in sports to reach unprecedented levels. However, the burning question remains, are athletes consuming the right foods to fulfill their activities? Adequate nutrition is an integral aspect to athletic performance. Athletes that demand a higher performance in their respec tive sport and training should have a high nutritional value in relation to their activities. It is critical to maintain a balanced, healthy diet at all times in order to achieve maximum performance. A good diet with adequate nutrition such as vitamins, minerals, protein and water in terms of the proper amounts of calories support activities. Athletes acquire energy from the foods they eat. Food can be further divided into two categories: macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients supply an athlete with direct sources of energy for daily life activities and physical exercise. Macronutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, and fats  [1]  . Micronutrients aid in the processes of life, such as digestion and food metabolism. Although they are not able to provide energy, they are essential in generating energy for the human body. Some examples of micronutrients are vitamins and minerals  [2]  . Protein is a macronutrient involved in many chemical processes of life. Proteins are specialized for different organs and species. Proteins are combinations of amino acids that combine in various ways to make muscle, bones, tendons, skin and many other tissues. When proteins are broken down by the body at ingestion, amino acids are formed. There are 20 amino acids which help form human proteins, however only 9 are essential. Meaning 9 out of the 20 proteins are supplied by the food we eat, because the human body is unable to produce them through synthetic processes in the cell. Protein is one of the components in body tissues, necessary for cellular growth and repair, as well as in hormones, enzymes, the immune system, and bodily fluids  [3]  . Athletes need protein primarily to repair and rebuild muscle that is broken down during physical exertion. Working out breaks down muscle fibers and the body has to quickly rebuild those fibers for future performances. Through the process of restoration the body synthesizes proteins. The muscle fibers broken down during training will strengthen over time as adequate amounts of protein are ingested to facilitate the growth process  [4]  . Protein is the last source of energy used when other macronutrients are available. When the body lacks adequate carbohydrates, the body turns to protein as a source of fuel for physical activity. During extreme physical activity, muscle tissue becomes an energy source because there is an insufficient amount of fat and carbohydrates consumed. Therefore it is necessary to maintain an adequate protein intake everyday, to make up for the protein lost in the muscle tissue during an increase in intensity or length of training  [5]  . Research has shown an amino acid known as creatine, can help enhance athletic performance. Derived from other amino acids, glycine, arginine, and methionine, creatine is stored in the skeletal muscle as creatine phosphate. The job of creatine phosphate is to help facilitate the production of energy. With an increased store of creatine phosphate in the body, the ability to produce energy during high intensity training is improved. This is a result of muscles in the body that have the ability to store a greater amount of creatine than what athletes consume from their diet. Athletes can obtain creatine primarily from meat and fish  [6]  . Carbohydrates are the primary fuel for the exercising muscles and are essential for supporting the training and performance of an athlete. They are the major energy source for anaerobic and aerobic activity. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose molecules and stored in our skeletal muscles and liver as glycogen. The amount of glycogen stored affects stamina and endurance. After an athlete is done training, glycogen is released from the liver into the bloodstream to restore the glucose levels in the blood, and glucose is transported to cells for energy  [7]  . If the blood glucose levels are low, athletes may feel irritable, tired, and lack concentration, interfering with their performance. Glycogen stored in the skeletal muscles provides fuel for the exercising muscles during high and low-intensity activities. There are limited carbohydrate reserves in the body and exercising causes the glycogen stores to become depleted very quickly. During exercise, if muscle cells run out of glycogen, the muscles lack energy and fatigue sets in. Performance suffers accordingly, but will vary depending on the sport and its intensity  [8]  . Therefore, daily carbohydrate consumption and training is necessary to maintain glycogen for optimal performance. In order for athletes to obtain enough energy to maximize athletic efforts, carbohydrates also aid in fat metabolism. The presence of carbohydrates is essential in utilizing fat for energy, associating with the old saying, à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"fat must burn in a carbohydrate flameà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ Ã‚  [9]  . Increased fat-burning helps to conserve carbohydrates in the muscle, therefore the stored up amount is used to support athletes in later activities  [10]  . In general, endurance athletes use up more carbohydrates than athletes that use carbohydrates for strength and power. This is because endurance athletes are participating in physical activity over a longer period of time, meaning a grea ter amount of carbohydrates is required by the body to supply it with energy over the duration. On the other hand, athletes involved in strength and power events require fewer amounts of carbohydrates to supply a sudden burst of energy for powerful, but short-lived physical activities  [11]  . Adequate intake of carbohydrates will prevent the body from extracting other macronutrients from their desired jobs to become fuel for activity. Ideal sources of carbohydrates include whole-grain cereal, pasta, brown rice, and brown bread products. As part of a healthy diet, athletes should include at least two carbohydrate-rich foods accompanying each meal, and at least one with every snack  [12]  . Prior to competitions, athletes like to load muscles with glycogen to delay fatigue that occurs during endurance events. A diet that contains highly nutritious carbohydrates, covering 55-65% of total calories, is sufficient enough to provide adequate glycogen storages that will help support the athlete over the duration of their performance  [13]  . Fat is the predominant fuel source during prolonged exercise. The body has an unlimited storage capacity for fat, making it the largest reserve of energy in the body. It is integral for many metabolic processes such as energy production, synthesis of vitamin D, cholesterol, hormones, and transporters of lipid soluble vitamins. Fat can be classified into two categories based on its structure: unsaturated and saturated fats. Unsaturated fats are obtained from plant sources. Advantages of unsaturated fats include lowering cholesterol and reducing the risk of heart disease. Saturated fats on the other hand, come from animal sources and cheese. Saturated fats are not recommended in large consumption to athletes, because an excess of this macronutrient will raise cholesterol and/or lipid levels in the blood which can lead to the development of heart-related diseases  [14]  . However, fats do hold a place in sports nutrition. Fats are less oxygen-rich, and they can release a greater amo unt of energy at a greater speed than other nutrients. This can provide an athlete with a concentrated source of energy. Fat is essential for longer and lower intensity, endurance exercise. Another role that fats play in the human body is insulation. Fats assist in insulating and protecting vital organs and parts of the body  [15]  . Athletes can obtain fat from food sources such as milk, butter, meat and oils  [16]  . Athletes need to keep in mind to carefully monitor the type and the amount of fats they eat. Vitamins are essential micronutrients athletes need to produce energy. Vitamins mostly come from the food we eat, with the exception of vitamin D. Instead of participating in the metabolic processes of nutrients, vitamins help to regulate the reactions in metabolic processes. They are responsible in facilitating energy release and synthesizing bone and tissue. Absence of a vitamin prevents certain metabolic processes from occurring in the cell, which eventually affects the metabolic balance in the body, as a whole  [17]  . Another micronutrient occurs naturally on earth. It is found in the water, soil, and the plants of Earth. This micronutrient is known as the mineral. There are seven key minerals: calcium, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, chloride, and sulphur. Two minerals that are important for athletes are iron and calcium. Iron is a main component in the blood. It is critical for red blood cell formation, function and myoglobin composition. Iron operates in the blood as an oxygen carrier, a key role in sport performance. If iron levels are low in athletes, they can develop fatigue, poor appetite and an increase in resting pulse rate. This occurs because an insufficient supply of oxygen is distributed to parts of the body. Oxygen combines with glucose to form ATP molecules, the main source of energy for the muscles. The greater amount of ATP stored in the muscles, the more powerful they will be when it performs work. Low iron levels in the blood mean that muscles do not receive enough ox ygen to support exertion. This results in lactic acid being produced and the athlete endures pain and fatigue in the muscles. However, excess amounts of oxygen in the body help athletes to metabolize lactic acid back into useful energy molecules after exercise. This allows the muscles of athletes to recover faster and be able to carry out physical activity again without having to rest for long periods of time. Iron can be obtained from many food sources, such as cereals, red meats, and bread products  [18]  . When athletes want to develop stronger bones, they need to consume calcium in their diets. Calcium is a micronutrient from the popular dairy food group, comprised of milk, yogurt and cheese. Ninety-nine percent of the calcium in our body is stored in the skeletal system, while the remaining one percent is accumulated in the muscle cells  [19]  . When muscles are at work, calcium ions are released to trigger muscle contraction. Calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasm and then they find their way to attach onto the troponin molecules. Without the attachment of troponin molecules and calcium, the interaction of actin and myosin leading to muscle contraction will not occur. Thus, if muscle contractions are not generated, athletes are unable to perform their activity  [20]  . Low calcium levels in the body are in relation to developing low bone density. This causes the bones of the body to become more fragile and vulnerable to stress fractures, as the limiting amount of calc ium will be used for muscle contraction. Therefore in order for athletes to withstand intense physical activity, an adequate amount of calcium is essential in their meals  [21]  . Finally, athletes need to stay hydrated for optimal performance. The human body consumes energy during physical exercise and creates heat. Bodily temperature would rise drastically causing the body to overheat, if heat was not released. In conjunction with the release of heat, the bodyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s sweat glands discharge fluid to the surface of the skin, where it eventually evaporates. This overall process occurs in an effort to cool the body. However, this leaves the body dehydrated  [22]  . Water comprises 50-60 percent of the weight of human bodies  [23]  . This portion of water in the human body helps to regulate heat and maintain a constant body temperature. Water helps to transport nutrients to cells and extract waste products. Water distributes the heat generated by physical activity throughout the body and enables the body to perspire. Fluids, not just water, are lost when humans perspire, urinate, defecate, and respire. A constant replacement of fluids is necessary for the human body to continue to operate and achieve its optimal performance. Research has shown that when athletes sweat, they lose 1-2% of body weight which is linked to a decrease in blood volume. This process causes the heart to work harder to circulate the blood, resulting in muscle cramps and dizziness  [24]  . Athletes establish proper hydration by drinking the right fluids during physical activity. This means drinking fluids properly throughout the day when thirsty, and especially before an activity begins. In the course of a long competition, where fluid is being lost in sweat, sport drinks are good sources of electrolytes. The sodium levels in the drinks are ideal replacements of sodium secreted in sweat. Low sodium levels can affect concentration. In general it is not advised for athletes to drink sport drinks such as Gatorade, on a regular basis or every time they participate in physical activity. These fluids can interfere with the body absorbi ng the proper nutrients and encourages thirst in the individual  [25]  . The principle that underlies healthy eating and enhancing sports performance is maintaining a balance between food consumption and the amount of energy that is going to be used for work. Since athletes participate often in physical exercise, they will need to absorb more energy in the foods they eat. The following principle is expressed as an energy equation: Energy storage = Energy intake à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Energy output. Energy storage represents the amount of energy left in the body after the amount of energy used is reduced from the amount of energy taken in by the body. If athletes absorb insufficient amounts of energy from food sources, optimal performance will not be achieved. Muscles will weaken without nutrients and negative health effects become a concern for athletes  [26]  . Athletes spend many hours training and undergoing physical activity so the body can excel in sports performances. It is important that athletes keep their bodies nourished in order to supply fuel for athletic endeavours. Athletes need to develop a focus on maintaining proper nutrition, so the hours spent during physical activity and rest are not subjected to waste. Good nutritional habits are necessary to achieve optimal physical performance, however it does not mean that we should categorize foods as good or bad. To maintain a healthy lifestyle, athletes should consume foods from various food groups and make better food choices at the same time. Daily food choices should include macronutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, and fat, micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals, and most importantly fluids, such as water. Athletes are better equipped to meet their maximum athletic potential if the right foods are taken in the right amounts to fuel the body. Great athletic accomplish ments are determined by great nutrition.