Companies and Securities Law Assignment Essay Example

Companies and Securities Law Assignment Essay Companies and Securities Law Assignment Venture Pty Ltd, which uses the Replaceable Rules for its Constitution, is a small proprietary company originally. As it is growing fast, the shareholders are all on the Board and they all have a number of complicated transactions with the company. Many of them are suppliers to the Company and most of them have loans or finance of some sort with the Company. The business is growing so fast that the original type and structure of the company may hinder the further development of the company’s business. So the existing shareholders want to expand and to do this they want to float the business as a Public listed company. Introduction: This report will discuss the process for Venture of changing the company type from a proprietary company to a public company and also make an investigation into the steps for it to becoming a publically listing company. What’s more, the discussion also focus on any constitutional matters that need to be dealt with when listing, any corporate governance practices that need to be adopted when becoming listed company, any main listing requirements provided in the ASX Listing Rules and Corporations Act with which need to be comply, and any disclosure obligations for Venture when involving in IPO and after becoming a publicly listing company. ASX:The ASX operates a market for equity and  debt securities  issued by listed companies. We will write a custom essay sample on Companies and Securities Law Assignment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Companies and Securities Law Assignment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Companies and Securities Law Assignment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To protect the integrity of that market, ASX has standards for the behavior of listed  companies through its Listing Rules. The Issuers business unit makes day-to-day decisions about the application of the ASX Listing Rules. Guidance notes are also published to assist listed  companies and their advisers to understand how certain listing rules and procedures operate. 1 The process of changing the Company and getting listed The g shareholders of Venture Pty Ltd seek to change Venture to a public listed company for reasons, the principal one usually being to enable it to undertake public capital-raising to expand its business. The steps and processes for Venture Pty Ltd to change from a â€Å"proprietary† to â€Å"public† company involve the followings steps which are Board Meeting, EGM Documents, Timing, Extraordinary General Meeting, Change of Type and ASIC. And after becoming a public company, the shareholders of Venture want to have the company get listed on ASX to become a publicly listed company in Australia. A, The process of changing the company 1. Board Meeting Board meetings are held so members of a board of directors can make decisions regarding the direction of a company. Often board meetings must be held publicly, though frequently only the board members attend. Board members vote on decisions regarding the company and there normally must be a quorum in order for the meeting to be considered legal. A quorum, unless otherwise defined by the board represents at least half of the board members. During board meetings, the secretary records all discussion and actions taken by the board, called the minutes. The secretary will then type up the minutes, which usually must be filed and kept in case there is any government investigation of the board at a later date. Minutes also may need to be presented to the public should there be a request for such from the public. The Board also needs to decide whether a new Constitution is necessary. Often a new â€Å"public company† specific Constitution is appropriate although the existing Replaceable Rules used as Constitution of the Venture will usually suffice (subject to any Corporations Act provisions for public companies then over-riding any conflicting articles of the Constitution). 2. EGM Documents Including the EGM Notice, Explanatory Memorandum, Proxy Form and Letter to Shareholders are finalized, printed and dispatched. If a new Constitution is proposed shareholders would usually be advised in the EM or Letter that it is available in need (by hard copy or by email) or posted on the Company’s website, rather than mail it to all shareholders. 3. Timing A minimum 21 days’ clear advance notification1 is necessary for the EGM subject to the Company’s Constitution, including Notice posting/delivery days. So normally say a minimum 4 weeks to be on the safe side. 4. Extraordinary General Meeting Extraordinary General Meetings are important company procedures. It is crucial that they are conducted with utmost precision so you comply with the law. An extraordinary general meeting (EGM) of a company is a general meeting of all members of a company (this usually means shareholders), an EGM gives shareholders a chance to vote on important decisions. An EGM may be called at any time. A resolution in favour of a change to â€Å"public† company type requires the passing of a â€Å"special resolution†, that is, the consent of 75% of shareholders present in person and/or by proxy2 (subject to any contrary wording in the existing Constitution not in conflict with the Corporations Act). , Change of Type With the change to a public listed company a number of matters must be dealt with or have effect, etc. In particular: †¢ By no later than the effective date (which will be known in advance because of the gazettal period), the Venture must have a minimum three Directors3 and a Company Secretary4. Note: for a public company at least 2 of the Directors and the Company Secretary must be Australian residents. †¢ Directors appointed need to be more conscious of the Corporations Act sections covering ‘related party interests’, particularly in relation to voting restrictions5 and difficulties that could arise with ‘related party benefits’6, for the reasons that the previous board of directors of the Venture Pty Ltd, that is, the old form of the company all have a number of complicated transactions with the company. †¢ The Company must clearly display a notice showing â€Å"Registered Office of the Company†7. And all stationery, check book, written references to the Company, use of Company name and etc. must indicate its new type. Within 1 month of the effective date an Auditor must be appointed, although his written consent must first be obtained. Such appointment must be ratified at the next AGM8. †¢ Annual Accounts must be audited and lodged with ASIC by 31 October each year (as well, if the Company becomes a Disclosing Entity, it must lodge audit-re viewed half-yearly accounts) and must be sent to shareholders (usually as part of an Annual Report) by 31 October. †¢ An AGM must be held by 30 November9. 6, ASIC The  Australian Securities Investments Commission  (ASIC) is an independent  Australian government  body that acts as  Australias corporate regulator. ASICs role is to enforce and regulate company and financial services laws to protect Australian consumers, investors and creditors. To change company’s type, the Venture must lodge application Forms 205 206 with ASIC after the EGM10. The application must be accompanied by the following11: †¢ A copy of the special resolution that resolves to change the type of the company, specifies the new type and the companys new name (if a change of name is necessary); and any other special resolution passed in connection with the change of type; †¢ A consolidated copy of the companys new constitution (if any) as at the date of lodgment; Then follows the â€Å"gazettal period†, that is, one month after publication4 (which may not be until up to a couple of weeks after lodging the Forms) of the Company’s intention to change type in the Commonwealth Government Gazette. After the one month date, if there have been no objections (e. g. by creditors), ASIC issues a new â€Å"Certificate of Registration on Conversion to a Public Company†. This is the date the change takes effect. B, The process of getting listed Before introducing the process necessary to getting listed, it’s better to get a deep knowledge about the listing. . Listing Listing means admission of securities to dealings on a recognised stock exchange. The securities may be of any public limited company, Central or State Government, quasi governmental and other financial institutions/corporations, municipalities, etc. Listing is the process of taking a privately-owned organisation and making the transition to a publicly-owned entity whose shares can be traded on the Australian stock exchange. For example, a company is said to be â€Å"listed†, â€Å"quoted† or â€Å"have a listing† if its shares can be traded on ASX for public trading. The objectives of listing are mainly to : †¢ provide liquidity to securities; †¢ mobilize savings for economic development; †¢ protect interest of investors by ensuring full disclosures. To be more accurate, it is the securities that are listed, not the company. The phrase â€Å"listed company† is widely used to mean a company that has listed  ordinary shares. It is possible (although not common) for a company to have listed  debt securities  but not listed shares. Listing in more than one market is possible through  secondary listings, or through the more complex approach of  dual listing. The ability to have its shares traded on a stock exchange is central to an organisations decision to list. The fundamental role of a stock exchange is to bring together in one market place providers of capital and organisations that require capital. ASX undertakes this role in Australia and as such, acts as a hub at the centre of the Australian economy. Providers of capital earn a return on their investments through dividends and capital growth, thereby increasing the overall wealth of the nation, while the organisations in which they invest provide jobs and drive the economic development of Australia. . The benefits of listing A companys reasons for deciding to publicly list on the stock exchange often include the ability to get access to the capital markets for financial expansion and acquisitions. They usually have invested many years of plowing back profits and guaranteeing borrowings and rather than sell out, they wish to remain with the company and be part of its future growth. There are many advantages that accrue to companies that attain a public listing of their shares. Some of the key considerations and benefits are:    § Creating a market for the companys shares; Enhancing the status and financial standing of the company;    § Increasing public awareness and public interest in the company and its products;    § Providing the company with an opportunity to implement share option schemes for their employees;    § Accessing to additional fund raising in the future by means of new issues of shares or other securities;    § Facilitating acquisition opportunities by use of the companys shares; and    § Offering existing shareholders a ready means of realising their investments. . Process of getting listed12 STEP 1: Appoint and consult with advisers Underwriters, stockbrokers, Corporate Advisers, Accountants, Lawyers, Experts. STEP 2: Making notice to ASX Preliminary stages—guidance on general IPO process. That is, ASX welcome s the opportunity to find out more about the company’s business and to help it with general guidance on the listing process and to advise it on ASX’s role in that process. Advanced stages—guidance on ASX Listing Rules. That is, at these stages, ASX provide the company with insight into the listing process, regulatory issues, structural issues and organisation constitutional issues that the company need to be aware of before listing and answer queries regarding the ASX Listing Rules and general business issues including: †¢ Constitution documents †¢ Whether ASX would be likely to treat any securities as restricted and apply escrow provisions †¢ Related Party transactions †¢ Employee incentive schemes †¢ Management agreements †¢ Listing timetables, and †¢ Meeting initial and ongoing Listing Rule obligations generally. STEP 3: Preparation of Prospectus and Due Diligence The due diligence process is integral to the preparation of the prospectus and allows all parties concerned to satisfy themselves of their legal responsibilities, the structure of the transaction, and the content of the prospectus. A Due Diligence Committee is usually established to conduct this process. The process involves an all encompassing examination of your company and detailed verification of the information disclosed in the prospectus carried out by key participants in the IPO process, such as Management, Company directors, appointed advisers and underwriters. Importantly, the due diligence process also provides a statutory defence against potential liability under the Corporations Act in certain circumstances. STEP 4: Lodge prospectus The prospectus is lodged with ASIC once approved by the company’s board. After lodgment with ASIC, a company cannot accept subscriptions under a prospectus for a period of 7 days. This period can be extended by ASIC to 14 days during which time ASIC can require amendments to be made to the document. STEP 5: Apply to list Having prepared and lodged your prospectus with ASIC, you are now able to submit your listing application to ASX. The application form is contained in Appendix 1A of the ASX Listing Rules and must be received by ASX with the relevant admission fees within seven days of lodging your prospectus with ASIC. ASX will review your application and Prospectus to ensure that it satisfies ASX’s Listing Rules. Listing application must be lodged within 7 days of lodging your prospectus with ASIC. STEP 6: IPO period Average of 6 to 8 weeks Once the prospectus has been lodged with ASIC, the company announces the opening of the offer. Moreover it is common for companies to conduct roadshows to present their investment credentials to institutional investors. These can assist in achieving substantial share purchase commitments in advance. STEP 7: Admission to ASX official list Subject to conditions including completion of capital-raising. STEP 8: Commence trading Official quotation of the Company’s securities Once ASX has considered a company’s listing application, the company will be advised in writing of the outcome. This will be in the form of a decision containing the conditions that need to be satisfied before the company is admitted to the official list (such as closing the offer, raising the minimum subscription amount, allotting and issuing securities and having sufficient shareholder spread), and the conditions that must be fulfilled before quotation can commence (such as despatch of holding statements, return of any refund money and provision of a shareholder distribution schedule and a statement setting out the names of the top 20 holders). Quotation will normally commence on the third business day following despatch of holding statements to shareholders. Your shares will be quoted on ASX’s integrated trading system. 2 Constitutional matters which need to be addressed According to Corporations Act, after changing to a public company, Venture is required to have its own Constitution13, rather than using the Replaceable Rules as its Constitution when it gets ready for listing on the ASX. Also in order to comply with ASX Listing Rules, the company is requested to alter its original Constitution by completing a specified checklist and submitting it accompanying with its amended Constitution to ASX. The purpose of the checklist is to assist when revising their constitution or adopting a new one to ensure that it complies with the listing rules. It is also to assist ASX in reviewing documents related to the changes in a timely manner. Reference to ASX Listing rules: Appendix 1A, and download the â€Å"Checklist for Constitutions of listed entities† at ASX. com. au) 3 The corporate governance practices need to be adopted For all listed companies in Australia, there is an Australian Stock Exchange Limited (ASX) Listing Rule requiring the inclusion, in the Companys annual report14, of a statement of the main Corporate Governance practices that have been applied during the reporting period. In March 2003 the ASX issued its Corporate Governance Council’s best practice recommendations. Later on the second Edition Corporate Governance Guidelines—the Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations, was released in August 2007. On 30 June 2010, the ASX Corporate Governance Council released amendments to the 2nd edition of the Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations in relation to diversity, remuneration, trading policies and briefings, which will apply to listed entities from 1 January 2011. Assume that the Venture apply for getting listed after 1 Jan 2011, the Amendments to 2nd edition will apply to it. The Board of Directors of Venture has to make a decision about the recommendations and principles which it endorses and will adopt therein as the basis for the Board Charter on Corporate Governance. Also the Venture is required to set out the relevant disclosure in a separate corporate governance statement in its annual report. The statement should outline the main Corporate Governance policies that have been applied throughout its financial year. Here, we could roughly introduce the corporation governance practices available to Venture for setting out its own Corporate Governance policies according to the â€Å"The Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations† 15. †¢ Principle 1 – Lay solid foundations for management and oversight—Companies should establish and disclose the respective roles and responsibilities of board and management. †¢ Principle 2 Structure the board to add value—Companies should have a board of an effective composition, size and commitment to adequately discharge its responsibilities and duties. Principle 3 Promote ethical and responsible decision-making—Companies should actively promote ethical and responsible decision-making. †¢ Principle 4 Safeguard integrity in financial reporting—Companies should have a structure to independently verify and safeguard the integrity of their financial reporting. †¢ Principle 5 Make timely and bala nced disclosure—Companies should promote timely and balanced disclosure of all material matters concerning the company. Principle 6 Respect the rights of shareholders—Companies should respect the rights of shareholders and facilitate the effective exercise of those rights. †¢ Principle 7- Recognise and manage risk—Companies should establish a sound system of risk oversight and management and internal control. †¢ Principle 8- Remunerate fairly and responsibly—Companies should ensure that the level and composition of remuneration is sufficient and reasonable and that its relationship to performance is clear. What’s more the Corporations Act requires particular information to be included in the directors’ report; the company has the discretion to include a cross-reference to the relevant information in the corporate governance section of the annual report rather than duplicating the information. For more general information, there are requirements to make this information publicly available, ideally on the company website. 4 What are the main listing requirements that need to be followed? Venture must also meet specific requirements set out in the ASX listing rules in order to be eligible to list. These requirements include a set of minimum admission criteria, including structure, size and number of shareholders. The following table summarizes some of the key criteria Venture will need to meet to be eligible for listing16: |Criterion 1 |The entity’s structure and operations must be appropriate for a listed entity. | |Criterion 2 |The entity must have a constitution and | |Criterion 3 |The entity’s constitution must be consistent with the listing rules. |Criterion 4 |A prospectus or Product Disclosure Statement must be issued and lodged with ASIC. | |Criterion 5 |The entity must apply for and be granted permission for quotation of all the securities in its main class | | |of securities. | |Criterion 6 |An entity must satisfy either (a) or (b). | | |(a) There must be at least 500 holders each having a parcel of the main class of securities with a value | | |of at least $2,000. | | |(b) Both of the following are satisfied. | |There must be at least 400 holders each having a parcel of the main class of securities with a value of at| | |least $2,000; | | |Persons who are not related parties of the entity must hold that number of securities in the main class, | | |excluding restricted securities, which is not less than 25% of the total number of securities in that | | |class. |Criterion 7 |The entity must satisfy either the profit test in rule 1. 2 or the assets test in rule 1. 3. | |Profits test17 | | |To be eligible for admission by meeting the profits test, each of the following must be satisfied (in | | |addition to various other threshold requirements): | | |the entity must be a going concern; | | |the entitys main business activity must have been the same for the last three years; | | |three years of audited accounts must be provided to the ASX; and | | |the entitys aggregated profit from the last 3 full financial years must have been at least $1 million and| | |at least $400,000 net profit over last 12 months. | | |Assets test18 | | |In th e case of entities that are not investment entities, the assets test outlined chapter 1 provides that| | |the entity involved must at the time of admission: | | |have a market capitalisation of $ 10 Million; or | | |have net tangible assets of $ 2 Million after the costs of fundraising. | |And | | |less than half of the entities assets must be in cash (or in forms readily converted to cash); or | | |half or more of the entities total tangible assets (after fund raising) are in cash, and the entity has | | |commitments to spend half of its cash consistent with its statement of business objectives that it must | | |provide to the ASX; | | |And | | |the entitys prospectus, product disclosure statement or information memorandum must include a statement | | |that it has enough working capital to carry out its stated objectives; or | | |the entity must have at least $1. 5 Million in working capital. | | |In addition | | |providing the ASX with 3 years of audited accounts and reports that are available. | |If the accounts have not been audited, the ASX must be notified; and | | |A proforma balance sheet, together with a review by a Registered Company Auditor. | |Criterion 8 |The entity must appoint a person to be responsible for communication with ASX in relation to listing rule | | |matters. | |Criterion 9 |The entity must provide a statement disclosing the extent to which the entity will follow, as at the date | | |of its admission to the official list, the recommendations set by the ASX Corporate Governance Council. If| | |the entity does not intend to follow all the recommendations on its admission to the official list, the | | |entity must identify the recommendations that will not be followed and give reasons for not following | | |them. | | |An entity which will be included in the SP All Ordinaries Index on admission to the official list must | | |have an audit committee. If the entity will be in the SP, or ASX 300 Index on admission to the official | | |list, it must also comply with the best practice recommendations set by the ASX Corporate Governance | | |Council in relation to composition, operation and responsibility of the audit committee. | |Criterion 10 |The entity must have a trading policy that complies with ASX listing rule 12. 9. |Criterion 11 |The entity seeking admission to the official list and quotation of securities must pay the fees set and | | |published by ASX. It must do so when and in the manner that ASX specifies. | 5 The disclosure obligations during the fundraising p eriod and after while the company is operating Continuous Disclosure—ASX Listing Rule19 imposes a general obligation on listed companies to disclose material information as well as requiring the release of specific information. The general disclosure obligation requires companies to immediately release to the market any information which a reasonable person would expect to have a material effect on the price or value of its shares. There are some specific exceptions (â€Å"carve out† provisions) with regard to providing confidential information. ASX may also require a company to provide information for release to the market in order to correct or prevent a false market. As a guide, a false market is a market trading on incorrect or incomplete information, regardless of the source of the information. ASX has developed an innovative method for companies to make announcements to the market via a secure and dedicated extranet called ASX Online, Venture can electronically lodge your announcements in either free text or template format. In order to ensure the company complies with its obligation of timely disclosure of such information, Venture must adhere to the following practices: Venture must disclose price sensitive information to the ASX firstly as soon as it becomes aware of the information; and all information disclosed to ASX is promptly placed on the company’s website following receipt of conf irmation from ASX. †¢ Venture must ensure that the information is not false, misleading or deceptive so as to avoid creating what would constitute a false market; and †¢ Venture must ensure that the information is disclosed clearly (expressed objectively), accurately and is complete20. Puffery, imprecise or confusing language such as â€Å"double digit†21growth must be avoided. Periodic Disclosure—in addition to continuous disclosure obligations, ASX listed companies are required to submit certain reports at regular intervals: Half Yearly Reports; Preliminary Final Reports; Annual Reports; and Quarterly activities and cash flow reports (certain companies only). Periodic disclosure is made to ASX’s company announcements office. And also ASX requires an annual report to be sent to holders of ordinary securities and preference securities. The annual report must contain the additional information22, for example: †¢ A statement disclosing the extent to which the entity has followed the recommendations set by the ASX Corporate Governance Council during the reporting period. †¢ The names of substantial holders in the entity, and the number of equity securities to which each substantial holder and the substantial holder’s associates have a relevant interest, as disclosed in substantial holding notices given to the entity. The number of holders of each class of equity securities. †¢ The voting rights attaching to each class of equity securities. †¢ A distribution schedule of the number of holders in each class of equity securities †¢ The name of the entity’s secretary. †¢ The address and telephone n umber of the entity’s registered office in Australia; and of its principal administrative office, if the two are different. †¢ A review of operations and activities for the reporting period. †¢ Whether there is a current on-market buy-back. CONCLUSION Becoming a public company listed on ASX means much more than just complying with the stringent requirements of issuing a prospectus. The general law and specific statutory and regulatory provisions impose continuing duties and requirements on public listed companies and their subsidiaries which differ from those imposed on private companies. To be a public listed company is an excellent approach for Venture to expanding its scale of business and increasing its capital in order to achieve the shareholders’ great ambitions. However, being publically listed is not a walkaway, or breeze for Venture. In the way of transferring, Venture has to make a spectrum of changes in its organizational structure, constitutional matters, business structure etc. to meet the standards of relevant rules and regulations, which will cost them a huge of manpower, materials resources and funds. And also after the transferring, Venture has to follow more stringent operating criteria and disclosure rules according to ASX Listing Rules and Corporations Act. Anyway getting publicly listed will make Venture obtain more benefits than detriments and losses and will improve its corporate image and profile, which lets Venture have more opportunity to get access to more economic benefits and regulates it to be a responsible corporate citizen for the whole public.

Strategic Management and Successful It

Strategic Management and Successful It Strategic Management and Successful It-related Change Essay Topical Study Guide for Exam 1 To help focus your efforts in preparing for Exam 1, you may find the following list of topics useful in your review of Chapters 1 & 2. 1. An understanding of the general concept of information technology in business, including the meaning of, and the relationship among, the following: a. Information systems b. Function IT, network IT, and Enterprise IT c. Examples of the each of the three categories/types of IT 2. Understanding the three roles of managers relating to information technology in business, including: a. Identifying appropriate IT opportunities i. The magnitude of IT investment ii. The relationship of IT investment to business needs, objectives, goals and strategies iii. The basis of true productivity gain and sustainable competitive advantage iv. The importance of top-down imposition of technology standards in support of successful development and implementations of enterprise IT b. Smoothing the introduction and adoption of IT i. Identify, describe, and distinguish two theories of change management and technology acceptance ii. Organizational complements necessary for successful IT-related change, and there relevance to the adoption and implementation of function IT, network IT and enterprise IT c. Ensuring the mitigation of IT Risks i. ITs of IT risks 3. Basic concepts of strategic planning, including: a. Overall process of

Should teens in the United Arab Emirates adopt the British custom of Essay

Should teens in the United Arab Emirates adopt the British custom of taking a gap-year or one year break from studying bet - Essay Example The United Arab Emiretes is one such country that is considering introducing the program in its education system. This follows the advantages associated with adopting the program as has been cited in countries where the program is a custom. Nevertheless, some skeptics have criticised the program arguing that it adds no good to the students and should not be adopted. Gap Years-United Arab Emirates Introduction The term â€Å"Gap Year† for a long time had been associated with the western and European countries, particularly the U.K. and the U.S.. â€Å"Gap Year† refers to the time duration in which high school students are allowed some time off from academic work before proceeding to colleges (Griffith, 2005). Griffith (2005) argues that gap year programs are mainly created to allow students to have fun, travel, participate in community services, as well as for personal growth. Britain is one among the countries in Europe that has adopted this custom within its education curriculum. Griffith (2005) points out that about 660,000 U.K. high school leavers take a Gap Year before proceeding to colleges. This custom has also been adopted in the U.S. as well, where students are being allowed to take a gap year before they can proceed to colleges. ... This paper will examines the reasons why teens in the United Arab Emirate (UAE) should adopt the Gap year custom of Britain. To begin with, Haigler and Nelson (2005) argue that learning about the world is one of the best forms of education that a child can get. However, teens can only learn more about the world if they can have some time to travel. Despite the fact that gap years are not designed for travelling, Haigler and Nelson (2005) reveal that a majority of teens who take gap years seize the chance to travel to foreign countries. This enables these teens to have a feeling of peculiar cultures, which acts as lessons as they discover new things that they would not have otherwise learnt if they did not get the opportunity to travel. Therefore, allowing UAE teens to take a gap year will be beneficial for their personal development in exploring different parts of the world and learning new cultures, which is very good experience. Griffith (2005) argues that people only live once. Th erefore, teens should be given sometime off to have fun and enjoy themselves. This can only become a reality in the UAE is teens are allowed to take a gap year before joining high school. This is because taking a gap year will give them the opportunity to travel, explore, adventure, and discover more about themselves. In fact, reports indicate that thousands of British school leavers use gap years to have fun. The gap year program needs to be adopted by the UAE because it will give the teens the opportunity to learn more about themselves. For instance, gap years will enable UAE teens who have grown up in a structured family with clearly defined goals be it academic, sports, or athletics to be free to assess themselves.

Advanced Entrepreneurship Proposal Research Paper

Advanced Entrepreneurship Proposal - Research Paper Example 24). The nature of the product is self explanatory hence most of the customers would not require any introduction or advertisement into the market. The name Qdat is derived from a personal perspective so as to enable the same producers to demonstrate and make recommendations on the best way that the product will be used so that any further scientific implementers may come from other parts of the world to stop over dependence and monopoly that affects product/ service prices (Sampson, 2009, p. 41). Technology Due to fierce competition in the global arena, most companies prefer working with both hardware and software which are compatible with the competitive edge. However, as technology changes customers are forced to damp the current electronic devises so that they could purchase the compatible ones that are able to work under structures and wireless infrastructures respectively. The number of customers whoa re not able to purchase the electronic appliances are able to smile to the sh ops. Qdat is electronic equipment which is able to integrate any electronic gadget that could translate information from and to digital signal.Through Triangle’s Company the poor citizens also are able to have fun and information at their fingertips comparatively to the well off individuals who are able to purchase the new product directly from the electronic shops. ... company are evenly distributed within the global market so as to reach every person who is willing to purchase the microchip and its programs, which could be installed into any communication gadget. When carrying out research on the market and industry, we realized that many people visit social networks frequently. However, this is not the case for those who are not able to purchase top most phones which require a lot of money. Thus it would be practical to start using then gadget as it bridges the gap between the rich and the poor creating a level ground for update both within the neighborhood as well as global surrounding (Harland, 2004, p. 44). In order to efficiently and effectively compete within the business locality, goods and services are produced utilizing the prevailing optimal methods. For a company to achieve a competitive adge, proper logistics are necessary. For instance, the mode of transportation, and the distribution strategy should be effectively and efficiently pla nned in order to conveniently meet the delivery requirements of the customers globally (Sampson, 2009, p. 59). In a business environment, the Triangle Company will utilize supply chain management to organization the work process, from acquiring raw materials up to the point of consumption. Therefore, effective management of Qdat product requires a thorough understanding of business processes and strategy formulation Qdat microchip should utilize the availability of internet services in order to reach a wide market globally (Assaf, 2006, p. 71). Introducing the new product into the market Entering new markets leads to longer lead times, which interferes with flexibility, thus creating the need for more inventories. Sometimes it is not practically possible to shorten lead times further.

How Does Nutrition Affect Athletic Performance Physical Education Essay

How Does Nutrition Affect Athletic Performance Physical Education Essay Athletes are dedicated to their sport. They exercise daily, train with professionals, lift weights, engage in team practices, and compete against one another. All this commitment is made in an effort to make the human body work more efficiently. Continuous exercise and training, conditions the muscles to work better alongside the bones. For example, baseball pitchers would want to train the muscles in the arm to throw a blazing fast pitch, long distance runners would work to control the respiratory system in order to finish strong at the end of an extensive race, and football players build on agility and muscular endurance sequentially outrunning the opponent. The current generation of athletes has caused competition in sports to reach unprecedented levels. However, the burning question remains, are athletes consuming the right foods to fulfill their activities? Adequate nutrition is an integral aspect to athletic performance. Athletes that demand a higher performance in their respec tive sport and training should have a high nutritional value in relation to their activities. It is critical to maintain a balanced, healthy diet at all times in order to achieve maximum performance. A good diet with adequate nutrition such as vitamins, minerals, protein and water in terms of the proper amounts of calories support activities. Athletes acquire energy from the foods they eat. Food can be further divided into two categories: macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients supply an athlete with direct sources of energy for daily life activities and physical exercise. Macronutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, and fats  [1]  . Micronutrients aid in the processes of life, such as digestion and food metabolism. Although they are not able to provide energy, they are essential in generating energy for the human body. Some examples of micronutrients are vitamins and minerals  [2]  . Protein is a macronutrient involved in many chemical processes of life. Proteins are specialized for different organs and species. Proteins are combinations of amino acids that combine in various ways to make muscle, bones, tendons, skin and many other tissues. When proteins are broken down by the body at ingestion, amino acids are formed. There are 20 amino acids which help form human proteins, however only 9 are essential. Meaning 9 out of the 20 proteins are supplied by the food we eat, because the human body is unable to produce them through synthetic processes in the cell. Protein is one of the components in body tissues, necessary for cellular growth and repair, as well as in hormones, enzymes, the immune system, and bodily fluids  [3]  . Athletes need protein primarily to repair and rebuild muscle that is broken down during physical exertion. Working out breaks down muscle fibers and the body has to quickly rebuild those fibers for future performances. Through the process of restoration the body synthesizes proteins. The muscle fibers broken down during training will strengthen over time as adequate amounts of protein are ingested to facilitate the growth process  [4]  . Protein is the last source of energy used when other macronutrients are available. When the body lacks adequate carbohydrates, the body turns to protein as a source of fuel for physical activity. During extreme physical activity, muscle tissue becomes an energy source because there is an insufficient amount of fat and carbohydrates consumed. Therefore it is necessary to maintain an adequate protein intake everyday, to make up for the protein lost in the muscle tissue during an increase in intensity or length of training  [5]  . Research has shown an amino acid known as creatine, can help enhance athletic performance. Derived from other amino acids, glycine, arginine, and methionine, creatine is stored in the skeletal muscle as creatine phosphate. The job of creatine phosphate is to help facilitate the production of energy. With an increased store of creatine phosphate in the body, the ability to produce energy during high intensity training is improved. This is a result of muscles in the body that have the ability to store a greater amount of creatine than what athletes consume from their diet. Athletes can obtain creatine primarily from meat and fish  [6]  . Carbohydrates are the primary fuel for the exercising muscles and are essential for supporting the training and performance of an athlete. They are the major energy source for anaerobic and aerobic activity. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose molecules and stored in our skeletal muscles and liver as glycogen. The amount of glycogen stored affects stamina and endurance. After an athlete is done training, glycogen is released from the liver into the bloodstream to restore the glucose levels in the blood, and glucose is transported to cells for energy  [7]  . If the blood glucose levels are low, athletes may feel irritable, tired, and lack concentration, interfering with their performance. Glycogen stored in the skeletal muscles provides fuel for the exercising muscles during high and low-intensity activities. There are limited carbohydrate reserves in the body and exercising causes the glycogen stores to become depleted very quickly. During exercise, if muscle cells run out of glycogen, the muscles lack energy and fatigue sets in. Performance suffers accordingly, but will vary depending on the sport and its intensity  [8]  . Therefore, daily carbohydrate consumption and training is necessary to maintain glycogen for optimal performance. In order for athletes to obtain enough energy to maximize athletic efforts, carbohydrates also aid in fat metabolism. The presence of carbohydrates is essential in utilizing fat for energy, associating with the old saying, à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"fat must burn in a carbohydrate flameà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ Ã‚  [9]  . Increased fat-burning helps to conserve carbohydrates in the muscle, therefore the stored up amount is used to support athletes in later activities  [10]  . In general, endurance athletes use up more carbohydrates than athletes that use carbohydrates for strength and power. This is because endurance athletes are participating in physical activity over a longer period of time, meaning a grea ter amount of carbohydrates is required by the body to supply it with energy over the duration. On the other hand, athletes involved in strength and power events require fewer amounts of carbohydrates to supply a sudden burst of energy for powerful, but short-lived physical activities  [11]  . Adequate intake of carbohydrates will prevent the body from extracting other macronutrients from their desired jobs to become fuel for activity. Ideal sources of carbohydrates include whole-grain cereal, pasta, brown rice, and brown bread products. As part of a healthy diet, athletes should include at least two carbohydrate-rich foods accompanying each meal, and at least one with every snack  [12]  . Prior to competitions, athletes like to load muscles with glycogen to delay fatigue that occurs during endurance events. A diet that contains highly nutritious carbohydrates, covering 55-65% of total calories, is sufficient enough to provide adequate glycogen storages that will help support the athlete over the duration of their performance  [13]  . Fat is the predominant fuel source during prolonged exercise. The body has an unlimited storage capacity for fat, making it the largest reserve of energy in the body. It is integral for many metabolic processes such as energy production, synthesis of vitamin D, cholesterol, hormones, and transporters of lipid soluble vitamins. Fat can be classified into two categories based on its structure: unsaturated and saturated fats. Unsaturated fats are obtained from plant sources. Advantages of unsaturated fats include lowering cholesterol and reducing the risk of heart disease. Saturated fats on the other hand, come from animal sources and cheese. Saturated fats are not recommended in large consumption to athletes, because an excess of this macronutrient will raise cholesterol and/or lipid levels in the blood which can lead to the development of heart-related diseases  [14]  . However, fats do hold a place in sports nutrition. Fats are less oxygen-rich, and they can release a greater amo unt of energy at a greater speed than other nutrients. This can provide an athlete with a concentrated source of energy. Fat is essential for longer and lower intensity, endurance exercise. Another role that fats play in the human body is insulation. Fats assist in insulating and protecting vital organs and parts of the body  [15]  . Athletes can obtain fat from food sources such as milk, butter, meat and oils  [16]  . Athletes need to keep in mind to carefully monitor the type and the amount of fats they eat. Vitamins are essential micronutrients athletes need to produce energy. Vitamins mostly come from the food we eat, with the exception of vitamin D. Instead of participating in the metabolic processes of nutrients, vitamins help to regulate the reactions in metabolic processes. They are responsible in facilitating energy release and synthesizing bone and tissue. Absence of a vitamin prevents certain metabolic processes from occurring in the cell, which eventually affects the metabolic balance in the body, as a whole  [17]  . Another micronutrient occurs naturally on earth. It is found in the water, soil, and the plants of Earth. This micronutrient is known as the mineral. There are seven key minerals: calcium, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, chloride, and sulphur. Two minerals that are important for athletes are iron and calcium. Iron is a main component in the blood. It is critical for red blood cell formation, function and myoglobin composition. Iron operates in the blood as an oxygen carrier, a key role in sport performance. If iron levels are low in athletes, they can develop fatigue, poor appetite and an increase in resting pulse rate. This occurs because an insufficient supply of oxygen is distributed to parts of the body. Oxygen combines with glucose to form ATP molecules, the main source of energy for the muscles. The greater amount of ATP stored in the muscles, the more powerful they will be when it performs work. Low iron levels in the blood mean that muscles do not receive enough ox ygen to support exertion. This results in lactic acid being produced and the athlete endures pain and fatigue in the muscles. However, excess amounts of oxygen in the body help athletes to metabolize lactic acid back into useful energy molecules after exercise. This allows the muscles of athletes to recover faster and be able to carry out physical activity again without having to rest for long periods of time. Iron can be obtained from many food sources, such as cereals, red meats, and bread products  [18]  . When athletes want to develop stronger bones, they need to consume calcium in their diets. Calcium is a micronutrient from the popular dairy food group, comprised of milk, yogurt and cheese. Ninety-nine percent of the calcium in our body is stored in the skeletal system, while the remaining one percent is accumulated in the muscle cells  [19]  . When muscles are at work, calcium ions are released to trigger muscle contraction. Calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasm and then they find their way to attach onto the troponin molecules. Without the attachment of troponin molecules and calcium, the interaction of actin and myosin leading to muscle contraction will not occur. Thus, if muscle contractions are not generated, athletes are unable to perform their activity  [20]  . Low calcium levels in the body are in relation to developing low bone density. This causes the bones of the body to become more fragile and vulnerable to stress fractures, as the limiting amount of calc ium will be used for muscle contraction. Therefore in order for athletes to withstand intense physical activity, an adequate amount of calcium is essential in their meals  [21]  . Finally, athletes need to stay hydrated for optimal performance. The human body consumes energy during physical exercise and creates heat. Bodily temperature would rise drastically causing the body to overheat, if heat was not released. In conjunction with the release of heat, the bodyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s sweat glands discharge fluid to the surface of the skin, where it eventually evaporates. This overall process occurs in an effort to cool the body. However, this leaves the body dehydrated  [22]  . Water comprises 50-60 percent of the weight of human bodies  [23]  . This portion of water in the human body helps to regulate heat and maintain a constant body temperature. Water helps to transport nutrients to cells and extract waste products. Water distributes the heat generated by physical activity throughout the body and enables the body to perspire. Fluids, not just water, are lost when humans perspire, urinate, defecate, and respire. A constant replacement of fluids is necessary for the human body to continue to operate and achieve its optimal performance. Research has shown that when athletes sweat, they lose 1-2% of body weight which is linked to a decrease in blood volume. This process causes the heart to work harder to circulate the blood, resulting in muscle cramps and dizziness  [24]  . Athletes establish proper hydration by drinking the right fluids during physical activity. This means drinking fluids properly throughout the day when thirsty, and especially before an activity begins. In the course of a long competition, where fluid is being lost in sweat, sport drinks are good sources of electrolytes. The sodium levels in the drinks are ideal replacements of sodium secreted in sweat. Low sodium levels can affect concentration. In general it is not advised for athletes to drink sport drinks such as Gatorade, on a regular basis or every time they participate in physical activity. These fluids can interfere with the body absorbi ng the proper nutrients and encourages thirst in the individual  [25]  . The principle that underlies healthy eating and enhancing sports performance is maintaining a balance between food consumption and the amount of energy that is going to be used for work. Since athletes participate often in physical exercise, they will need to absorb more energy in the foods they eat. The following principle is expressed as an energy equation: Energy storage = Energy intake à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Energy output. Energy storage represents the amount of energy left in the body after the amount of energy used is reduced from the amount of energy taken in by the body. If athletes absorb insufficient amounts of energy from food sources, optimal performance will not be achieved. Muscles will weaken without nutrients and negative health effects become a concern for athletes  [26]  . Athletes spend many hours training and undergoing physical activity so the body can excel in sports performances. It is important that athletes keep their bodies nourished in order to supply fuel for athletic endeavours. Athletes need to develop a focus on maintaining proper nutrition, so the hours spent during physical activity and rest are not subjected to waste. Good nutritional habits are necessary to achieve optimal physical performance, however it does not mean that we should categorize foods as good or bad. To maintain a healthy lifestyle, athletes should consume foods from various food groups and make better food choices at the same time. Daily food choices should include macronutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, and fat, micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals, and most importantly fluids, such as water. Athletes are better equipped to meet their maximum athletic potential if the right foods are taken in the right amounts to fuel the body. Great athletic accomplish ments are determined by great nutrition.

“The structure of business management and organization”

Modern business requires modern management and this means well trained managers. Even today, most people undertake their first management position with little or no formal training.   As a result, they adopt the styles by themselves were managed.   Too often this perpetuates poor or discredited management techniques which have no place in today’s world. With few exceptions, the majority of managers find the most difficult aspect of their job is the management of people, who after all the most important resource of any organization. A form of management began when man first employed others to work for him.   In those early days, the relationship between employer and employee was   master and servant or landlord and serf.   Workers were treated as chattels and motivation was based on the simple principle â€Å" if you don’t work, you don’t eat†.   Some people seem to believe that things have changed little change. Managing modern organization, it requires a completely different set of skills, one of the common myths is that the manager, should be the best exponent of the craft skills with in the organization.   In theory, a good manager should be able to manage any department with in an organization with the minimum of adaptation.   What makes a good manager?   A good manager is one whose staff works with him rather than for him. Can anyone become a manager?   In theory, yes in practice no.   many people are unable or unwilling to adopt to the need of management.   People are usually promoted because they are good at their present job, they have been with the company for a long time, their age gives them seniority, they know the right people, and they happen to be in the right place at the right time. Rarely they are promoted because they will make good managers. As with most activities in life, you won’t know how good you are until you really try it.     Management is no different so you should learn how to do it before taking such a major career step.   Every manager has responsibilities towards him or herself, their team, the individual within the team, the company and task in hand.   This includes motivating staff to perform to the best of their abilities and to prevent demotivation, delegating task, to plan and to control the activities within their domain to ensure that objectives are meet. To take decisions and of course managing problems, not to solve them all, but to help the team reach acceptable solutions.   Effective manager, initiate and encourage ideas from the subordinates and developed the team.   Considering the resources in management group,   Ã‚  the people, acknowledging their different needs, attitudes, abilities and personalities.   These are not constant and can change from day to day, but a good and a modern   manager in a modern organization can maximize the strengths and minimize the weaknesses. Time – the most democratic of the resources.   Every one has 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour, etc.   It is how this time is used that determines managerial effectiveness. Space- this is expensive and many work places suffer from alack of it.   However, much can be made of the space available to improve the working condition /environment   and peoples behavior. Finance- all managers involved with budgets and expenditure to some degree.   Trainings specifically designed to deal with finance for non-financial managers are available. Equipment – including desk, telephones, photocopiers and personal computers.   You should ensure that your team have sufficient for their needs, while bearing in mind that idle equipment is a non-productive cost. Information- ensure that all information received is given the right priority and used as appropriate to help the team. Their utilization will affect the team and the individuals within the team, so managing these resources effectively is vital. After understanding manager’s role and of course before trying to manage other, it is vital to know how to manage yourself.   I f you are seen to be disorganized, easily pressured, blinkered in your views, unmotivated, and subject to swift changes of mood, you will not win the respect and credibility of your staff. â€Å"Healthy self-criticism and an abiding willingness to learn seem to me to be the most important requirements of any manager† HRH Prince Philip. Self management is not about the amount of time you spend in an activity, but about what you do during that time.   His quality that counts, not quantity.   Time is very easily wasted but impossible to regain.   Time spent on non-management activity is not necessarily unproductive time.   But could the time have been between use elsewhere?   It is very important also to learn and control emotions at work   Highly emotional people are often labeled as unstable, untrust worthy and weak.   None of these are traits associated with good management. Communicating people in modern organization is very important Good verbal communicating is a two-way process, the speaker gives the listeners the opportunity to ask questions and make comments about what has been said in order to clarify and query the statement. The objectives is to transmit a message so that it is understood by the listeners.   The art of effective listening is essential to clear communication and clear communication is necessary to management success. Understanding how people are motivated an organization is a task and action that require into a staff to undertake.   In order to be able to motivate them to do so, you must know and understand the needs of each member of the team.   Because of the parameters in which you operate, you may be unable to satisfy the surface needs as money or promotion. Therefore, you have to look for the subconscious needs that these represent and try to satisfy the person concerned by other means such as the need of recognition, we all need to be recognized by others for what we are.   Second, the need for respect, it is our bright right to be accepted and respected as an individual person or to the worker.   Third, the need for responsibility, by having a task, however small, for which they are totally responsible and accountable, this is best achieved by delegation.   Fourth, the need for reward, not necessarily in the form of money, prizes or time off.   So often, this can be satisfied by a simple but genuine word of praise. Learning to delegate is another task inside the management.   Good delegation will give many benefits to the subordinates, a valuable development, motivation, a sense of responsibility for the staff, involvement and of course improve teamwork.   This will take some of your management time to set up but once operating it, is simple to update and will provide with a very useful management tool. Most people work in modern organization, groups, whether it be an office, a laboratory, a hospital, the factory floor or a theatre, in order that they can achieve their respective objectives, therefore, they must work as a team to build and lead.   It is equally important that all work groups operate or not a group becomes a team depends on how they are lead.   Considering this, analyzing a successful team, identifying team roles, understanding leadership qualities and styles, and managing â€Å"difficult† people is part of building an effective team. Building a successful team can be a slow process and requires patience and perseverance on our part.   If things do not work the first time, don’t blame the team, try again- you will get it together eventually. â€Å" ALL FOR ONE AND ONE FOR ALL†. The most important, and be reminded that our life is full of decisions making, every day we make decisions, these decisions affect only ourselves or our families and many of them are made on experience.   All decisions contain a degree of uncertainty, otherwise there would be no decisions make.   To help overcome these uncertainties, we can apply the following steps: a.)Define the aim- clarify the reasons and objectives. b.)Collect the facts- obtain as much information as possible, relevant to the decision. c.)Examine the options- study a number of possible options, don’t rely sole on past experience. d.)Consider the outcome- look at the risk factor of each option and the consequences of a wrong decisions. e.)Select the best option- decide upon the option with the lowest risk factor which will still meet the aim. f.)Do it- once a decision has been reached, put it into action, don’t procrastinate. g.)Evaluate the decision- to proved to be right or wrong. Managers continually face assessing management problems in two distinctive categories; those related to work itself and those related to people.   Whilst the objective in both cases is to solve the problem, they are tackled in quite different ways.   When confronted with a problem, the first question to ask yourself is â€Å"Is this my problem? If not, then should you really be trying to solve it?   However, should the problem be yours and you are the best person to find a solution, make sure that you understand exactly what the problem is.   Much time and effort is spent in business trying to solve the wrong problem. Addressing work problems is also important, these can be short, medium or long term.   Some are simple, others more complex.   Many work-related problems can be solved by you alone, while others are better served by involving different people.   Whatever the problem, it is good practice to have a clearly defined method of handling it.   Taking a systematic approach, a series of steps that need to be taken and questions that require answers before attempting to find a solution.   This will be follow; analyze, plan, execute and   evaluate.   Time is democratic, we all have the same amount.   It is what we do with it that really counts. Time ticks by relentlessly.   It is very easy to waste but impossible to regain.   The only way in which we can save time by doing something more quickly or by not doing it at all.   There is ‘working’   time and ‘social’ time.   If we add to one we automatically take from the other.   The art is to maintain a sound balance between the two.   As a manager, you need to manage your time carefully, so that we can maximize its use and do not encroach upon your ‘social’ time. Before trying to manage your time effectively, we need to analyze how you spend it at present. So, time organizing to be applied.   List those activities that you do during the course of a normal week.   For example, paperwork, telephoning, attending meetings, dealing with people, traveling and so on.   Estimate the number of hours you spend on each activity.   Time allocation, to ensure that you deal with all of your tasks on time, it is essential to plan how you will use your time effectively. Your last job each day should be to list everything that you have to do the next day.   To innovate is to â€Å" make changes†, to introduce ‘new things’.   However, many people find it very hard to come up with new ideas, particularly to order, this is managing innovation.   Generating new ideas often occur when we are doing something quite unconnected with the problem, such as driving the car, walking the dog or watching television. However, part of the management time should be devoted to innovation, to help generating new ideas, explore all approaches without evaluation, switch from problem to problem, allowing mind to wander over alternative and apparently irrelevant ways of looking at the situation and write down ideas and thoughts.   Managing different types of interviews, an interview is a meeting of people, tow or more, face to face, to accomplish a certain known purpose’.   In reality, an interview should be confined to two persons. Good interviewing prepare by obtaining as much information as possible before the interview, ensure privacy, emphasize confidentiality, ask appropriate questions, listen carefully, observe the interviewee’s body language, use counseling techniques to discover the core problem and encourage the interviewees to reach their own solution. People have first to decide that they want to change, then they must be encouraged not to be afraid of change and finally they must be able to see where change is leading them.   Understanding and managing change, changes to an organization are caused by both internal and external factors.   Many of these changes are unpredictable and, whatever, the causes or circumstances, invariably involve people. The way in which people react to change will depend on how the change is presented to them and how they perceive it will affect them.   The causes of change can be divided into two types, those over which as a manager have no influence and those over which you do.   In the first group are changes which will affect the whole company, such as relocation or a change in company policy.   These are often due to external factors such as the economy, environment or the law.   Changes which you can influence are normally those which will mainly affect only your and your staff. Managing stress at work, one of the main reasons why people are stressed at work is their boss and the way they are managed.   There is one way for an executive to manage stress.   He must stop taking for granted success at home, and begin giving as much priority in terms of time and energy to achieving success there as he does to his job.   Understanding the causes of stress, the most common causes of stress have their origins outside the workplace. A few years ago a list of activities which can cause stress was complied by psychologists.   It is based on a scale of 0-100.   The higher the value, the greater the stress.   Both positive and negative events can cause stress.   It is interesting to note that of 34 activities listed over, only seven are directly work related and the highest two of those will have a direct effect on your domestic life.   Although management as a profession only has a stress rating of 5.8, some managers seem to spend their time trying to push it as far up the scale as possible. People who experience domestic pressures often immerse themselves in their work in an attempt to forget these problems.   However, the problems are still there when they return home, so they will work longer hours in order to delay having to go home.   These increased absences result in still more stress on the domestic front.   It is a vicious circle.   Other stressful factors are; too much work, giving few opportunities to plan or priorities.   To mo little work, boredom and a sense of being under-valued and ignored. Isolation, most people need human contact and those who work alone can be stressed by a lack of communication.   Routine work, not being stretched or challenged.   Poor supervision, unable to become involved or use creative abilities.   No clear promotional structure, frustration.   Environment,   working in cramped conditions, seating arrangements, open plan office, too much noise.   Managing in a changing work place is also included in managing the modern organization. With this, abilities and skills of being a manager, managing in a modern organization, it has become fashionable for companies to adopt a flatter organizational structure.   This is achieved by ripping out the middle management stratum and replacing it with working manager’s at supervisory level.   These people are expected to continue with their specialist role, be it operating a lathe, selling products or repairing computers, and at the same time manage a team.   Although this means that people are promoted who may not have expected to be, it also result in a wider gap between the workforce and senior management. Whilst it is acknowledged that a proportion of those managers who have lost their jobs may have been poor managers, did they receive adequate, or indeed any, management training?   It is to be hoped that senior executives will quickly realize the benefits to their companies of having good, well qualified managers and reverse this trend before causing further damage to the morale of the employees. References : Managing Trough People, by John Humphries, Published by Grolier Business Library International, Inc. printed in 2003. Business Organization and Management edited by H. Guitierrez, Jose M. Pura Jr., Rolando M. Garcia sixth edition, R.M Garcia Publishing House, Quezon City Philippines.

Example of Term Paper Outline

Example for Outlining a Research/Term Paper Before you start writing get your ideas down in a logical sequence that you can then use to expand while actually writing the paper. This is only meant to be an example and a guide; pay attention to your teacher’s instructions for the assignment and format instructions for their class. Know what style format your instructor wants you to use – APA or MLA. Thesis statement: Example: The cost of medical care in the United States is causing the poor to receive substandard care. Key points: Examples of possible key points for the above thesis statement: 1.Paying for medical care is beyond the reach of the poor. 2. Paying for medical insurance is beyond the reach of the poor if not offered by their employers. 3. The poor are forced to use over-extended and under-staffed medical facilities if they cannot afford care. 4. Are we ethically responsible for caring for the poor? 5. What would possible alternatives be to supplying medical c are for the poor? You can use the thesis statement and key points to create an introductory paragraph; then you will expand in the rest of the paper on the thesis and key points. Examples of expanding on key points: Key point 1.Paying for medical care is beyond the reach of the poor. < Expand your ideas for this topic – this could be one or more paragraphs. > Demonstrate why and how medical care is beyond the poor. Average cost of medical care as opposed to average salaries. The poor have to use clinics and other free care. Key point 2. Paying for medical insurance is beyond the reach of the poor if not offered by their employers. Can the average worker afford health care costs even if they have them. Average costs of health care plans. If an employer does not supply health care benefits how can employees get it. Key point 3.The poor are forced to use over-extended and under-staffed medical facilities if they cannot afford care. What kind of facilities are available to people who can’t afford health care. What are limitations for using those facilities (income, etc. ). Are these facilities adequately staffed and funded. Pros and cons for these facilities – i. e. better than no health care at all, don’t see the same doctor, etc. Key point 4. Are we ethically responsible for caring for the poor? Does a society have an ethical responsibility to take care of its poor? Moral & ethical foundations – religious, ethical, philosophical.Economic / political reasons for providing or not providing health care. Key point 5. What would possible alternatives be to supplying medical care for the poor? What models exist in other countries? Do they seem to work? What alternative models are available in this country? i. e. Faith based, private foundations like The Shriners, etc. What factors / institutions would fight against change in health care? i. e. Pharmaceutical companies, insurance companies, non-flexible thinking, etc. Summary / Conclu sion: Create a key summary sentence/paragraph that declares a wrap-up of concepts you have covered in the paper.You may want to quickly summarize your main ideas. This should transition into a Conclusion of your ideas on the topic. The conclusion could be a separate paragraph or this section could be more than one paragraph. Reference / Works Cited: List of the sources you used in writing the paper. Follow your teacher’s instructions for number required and format. Glossary: Thesis statement – a brief sentence presenting the main point of a persuasive writing, usually in the introductory paragraph. Key points – those ideas that you will use to support your thesis and expand on in the text of the paper.Summary – a brief statement that presents or recaps the main points in a concise form. Conclusion – bring to a close in a logical, reasoned way the ideas that you have supported in your paper. References / Works Cited: Citation – a short note r ecognizing a source of information or of a quoted passage. Works cited – a page at the end of a research composition that lists all the resources that you used. Parenthetical citation – a citation style in which in-text citations must be enclosed within parentheses and embedded in the paragraph, as opposed to the footnote style.Footnote – A brief note at the bottom of a page, or on a separate page at the end of a paper (then usually called an Endnote), explaining or expanding upon a point in the text or indicating the source of a quotation or idea. Research / Term Paper Outline Worksheet Thesis statement: Where will I find information on this topic? Print – Internet – Journals – Interviews – etc. Has the instructor specified where you are to look for information? What resources you are not to use? How many sources you are to use? Key Points – list the key points to investigate based on your thesis statement: 1. . 3. 4. 5. On se parate sheets of paper expand on each of your key points – jotting down additional ideas or beginning to actually write. Summary / Conclusion: On a separate sheet of paper summarize and come to a conclusion on your topic. This is where you are bringing it home and wrapping up the paper. Works cited: List the resources that you have used. Remember to use the style your instructor specified – APA or MLA. Use this outline to begin writing your paper. When you have completed a draft – read, edit and rewrite.